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탈냉전기 미국과 중국의 국제정치적 영향력 변화에 관한 실증분석

An Empirical Analysis of Changes in the U.S. and China's International Political Influences in the Post-Cold War Era

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주제분류정치외교학

초록

탈냉전기 미국과 중국의 국제정치적 영향력 변화를 설명하는 주요 요인은 무엇인가? 본 연구는 구조적 요인과 행위자적 요인이 미국 또는 중국과 비강대국 간 외교정책 선호 유사도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 분석함으로써, 탈냉전기 미국과 중국의 국제정치적 영향력 변화를 설명한다. 1991~2007년 유엔총회 투표 자료를 이용한 통계분석의 결과는 미국의 국제정치적 영향력 약화 추세의 주요 원인은 중국의 부상으로 인한 국제구조 변화이며, 중국의 국제적 영향력 증대는 미국의 힘의 상대적 약화로 인해 촉진된다는 것을 설명한다. 행위자적 요인으로서 미국의 원조는 수원국의 미국과의 외교정책 선호 유사도를 증가시키며, 중국과의 유사도는 감소시키는 경향이 있다. 이는 미국의 원조가 자신의 국제정치적 영향력을 증대시키고 중국의 영향력을 견제하는 효과가 있다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구의 경험적 발견은 미국 패권의 상대적 쇠퇴 추세를 설명함과 동시에 비강대국의 외교정책 자율성의 확장 전망을 가능하게 한다. 또한 미중 간의 경쟁을 고려할 때, 원조의 효과가 수원국의 외교정책 자율성의 감소로 이어질 가능성은 줄어들 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

Abstract

This paper accounts for the changes in the U.S. and China's influences in the post-Cold War era by empirically analyzing how structural and actor-related factors affect the foreign policy preference similarity between the U.S. or China and non-major powers. Through statistical analysis using the UN General Assembly voting data from 1991 to 2007, this research founds that international structure's decentralization by China's rise causes differentiation of foreign policy preference similarity between the U.S. and non-major powers, which means the decline of the U.S. influence on them. Also the relative strengthening or weakening of the U.S. power promotes the weakening or strengthening of China's influence, respectively. These results suggest that an important reason for the decline of the U.S. influence is the international structure's change caused by China's rise, and the expansion of China's influence is promoted by the relative decline of the U.S. power. As an actor-related factor, U.S. aid tends to increase foreign policy preference similarity between recipients and the U.S., and decrease the similarity between the states and China. This result implies that U.S. aid increases its international influence and checks China's influence. Empirical findings of this study explain a tendency of the decline of the U.S. hegemony and enable us to expect the expansion of non-major powers' foreign policy autonomy. Also, this study implies that the competition between the U.S. and China may decrease the possibility that aid weakens recipients' autonomy.

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