국가정체성의 강화와 정당 양극화: 미국정치의 패러독스?
Strengthened National Identity and Party Polarization: A Paradox in American Politics?
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과연 국가정체성과 정치 양극화는 상호 모순적 역비례 관계에 있다는 가정이 옳을까? 이 글은 일견 타당해 보이고 널리 받아들여지는 이 가정이 이론적으로나 경험적으로 설득력이 없다는 점을 밝힌다. 이를 위해 Ⅱ절에서는 국가정체성과 정당성향(정파심)이 상호 충돌하기보다 오히려 상호 강화하는 관계라는 점을 이론적 차원에서 논한다. Ⅲ절에서는 미국 정치사를 살펴보며 미국인들의 국가정체성이 강했던 시기에 오히려 정당간 대결이 양극적으로 격렬했고 근래 들어서도 국가정체성의 강화와 공화당 대 민주당의 양극화 심화가 같이 진행되고 있음을 서술한다. Ⅳ절에서는 여론조사 결과에 대한 분석을 통해, 미국인의 마음속에서 국가정체성과 정당성향이 명확한 정비례 상관관계를 지닌다는 점을 확인한다. 강한 국가정체성과 강한 정당성향의 공존은 불가사의한 패러독스가 아니라는 이 글의 주장은, 정치 양극화와 국가정체성에 관한 미국학계의 논쟁이 좀더 새로운 연구 지평을 찾아 나가야 한다는 시사점을 던진다.
Abstract
We tend to unsuspectingly assume that national identity and political polarization are mutually contradictory. When one is strong, the other is supposed to weaken. This article purports to refute this seemingly valid and widely accepted assumption. For this goal, section Ⅱ theoretically discusses the mutually reinforcing relationship between national identity and party identification(partisanship). Section Ⅲ overviews American political history and describes a long-cycle pattern in which periods of strong national identity coincided with those of solid party identification and intense partisan competition, as is the case with the recent years. Section Ⅳ analyzes American public poll data, empirically affirming a close correlation between strong national identity and strong partisanship. This article, by showing that a co-existence of strong national identity and strong party identification is not an incomprehensible paradox, suggests a broader and newer scope of attention in studies of American political polarization.
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