중층과 호환 - 3중이제설과 4중이제설의 구조적 이해 -

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive examination of the Three Levels of the Two Truths (三重二諦) theory and the Four Levels of the Two Truths (四重二諦) theory, which are considered the most representative doctrines of the Sanlun School. These theories are developed through the philosophy of “danfu” (單複)—single-layered and multi-layered—one of the main dualistic frameworks of the School. Specifically, the various levels of the Two Truths theory make use of the multi-layered approach with three or four stages stacked on top of each other, accumulating concepts and conclusions from the previous stages. It is worth noting that these multilayered two truths theories are not fixed with a single meaning but instead can be compatible with various meanings and purposes, depending on context. In accordance with Jizang’s explanation, this paper divides the meaning of these theories into six distinct categories (e.g., based on various audiences, scripture passages, etc.), with a particular focus on the Three Levels of the Two Truths theory (appearing in Jizang’s Erdi yi and Fahua xuanlun) and the Four Levels of the Two Truths theory (appearing in his later works, Zhongguanlun shu and Shiermenlun shu). By recognizing the each meaning of the theory in the context of all six versions together, this paper asserts that the separate uses of the theory can be fully revealed, and their implications can be better understood in relation to the other uses. The structural analysis of these theories is essential in uncovering their layers of complexity, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of the Sanlun School’s teachings.