법률가의 개념 - 우리 법률서비스체계의 분석을 위한 서론
The Lawyer and the Market: Toward New Conception of the Lawyer in This Globalizing Society
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이 글은 현대사회에서 규정되는 법률가의 역할을 정립하고 그에 상응하는 개념을 도출함을 목적으로 한다. 대체로 법률가를 바라보는 모델을 관료형과 전문직형의 이원적 수준에서 구성하는 것이 일반적이었으나 오늘날에 오면서 이러한 틀외에도 기업인모델이 추가되면서 새로운 법률가체계를 구성하고자 하는 노력들이 계속되고 있다. 무역자유화와 연관되어 세계체제가 새로이 규정되면서 법률서비스시장의 경쟁력을 확보하거나 혹은 시장체제를 구성하는 토대로서 법체계를 재규정하면서 이의 담당자로서의 법률가체계를 효율화하고자 하는 제반의 시도들은 법률관료모델에서부터 법률전문가모델로, 그리고 다시 법률기업가모델로의 이전을 불가피하게 만들기도 한다. 그 두드러진 예가 기업들의 소위 로펌 쇼핑 현상들이다. 완비된 사내법무실을 바탕으로 명료하게 가공한 자신의 법적 이익을 가장 저렴하고도 효율적으로 대변해 줄 수 있는 로펌을 물색하고 나서는 기업들의 행태는 종래와 같은 계속적이고 반복적인 단골관계를 기반으로 형성되었던 법률전문직-고객의 관계와는 전혀 다른 양상의 시장을 구성한다. 기업은 고객이 아니라 소비자 내지는 구매자이며 로펌은 전문직으로서의 자율성보다는 구매자로서의 기업의 요구에 부응하는 행태를 보일 수밖에 없는 것이다. 정보화에 기반한 지식관리체계의 발전이나 Web2.0식의 집단지성 현상들은 일부 소수엘리뜨들이 전유하는 지식을 기반으로 하였던 전문직 모델의 기반을 흐트러뜨린다. 사회적 폐쇄의 기반이 되었던 지식의 독점이 이제는 더 이상 타당할 수 없기 때문이다. 문제는 이러한 현상들이 법률서비스시장의 국가규제를 정당화하였던 논거들을 해체시켜 버린다는 점이다. 법률가의 자율성․독립성을 전제로 일정한 공적 가치의 구현자로서 상정되었던 전문직 모델은 기업의 로펌 쇼핑 앞에서 여지없이 흔들리며, 손쉽게 검색되는 법률지식은 정보비대칭성을 기반으로 제시되었던 국가규제론이 더 이상 타당할 수 없도록 만들고 있기 때문이다. 이 글은 이런 변화의 양상들을 정리하면서 우리나라에서의 법률가사회의 분석틀을 마련해 보고자 노력하였다. 그동안 우리 법률가체계가 기반해 왔던 법률관료모델 내지는 법률관료주의의 토대가 사라지는 동시에 급속도로 진행되는 시장개방의 압력하에 공익요청 이상으로 시장경쟁력요청이 강력하게 대두되는 오늘날의 현실까지 감안하게 되면 과연 어떠한 개념화를 바탕으로 하여야 우리의 현실을 설명하고 미래의 당위를 도출할 수 있는 준거를 마련하게 될 것인지를 검토해 본 것이다.
Abstract
What is the lawyer? This may not be so difficult question to be answered when several articles on the legal professions are inquired. This paper, however, tries to investigate what the lawyer should be in this globalizing world. The traditional conceptions of the lawyer such as those of law bureaucrats or legal professions are now confronted with ever growing demands for the business model of the law practice. Large enterprises, big associations like the national union, and even the state organs tend to search law firms according to their own criteria and goal settings: what they want is not the representation of their legal status but the re-construction of their managerial interests. Their in-house counsel can handle most legal businesses, which make the role of the law firm they chose just marginal. This "law firm shopping" is one of the most important factors that have resulted in the change of the model of the lawyers from that of law bureaucrats and/or legal professions to law business. The development of the information society has constitutes the second factor for the change of the nature of the legal services. The new era of Web 2.0 has removed lots of barriers to the knowledge of law. It is overtly reducing the dilemma of the asymmetric information between the lawyer and the clients thereof, which has been so frequently quoted to legitimize the premium given to the legal professions. Not so few clients can make a kind of internet shopping to choose the “right” lawyer for his own demands. It is at this point that the legal services tend to be conceptualized from the perspectives of the marketplace: The legal services system should be re-structured according to the principle of free markets. The growing demands to open legal services markets in most capitalized countries symbolized such trends. Lowering the barrier to entry to legal services market, allowing multi-disciplinary partnership between different professions such as barristers, solicitors, and accountants, and legalizing the employment of the lawyers to non-lawyers are representative for those trends, which makes the lawyers practice as business-person rather than as legal professions and/or law bureaucrats. This paper tries to describe and explain such changes and pose some preliminary conception to make further analysis and evaluation of the Korean legal services system, which has enjoyed huge power of monopoly in that market. The adoption of the law school system of american style in 2007, may render a turning point to that closed system: it can be construed to make radical change of the role of the lawyers from that of law bureaucrats to law profession. The Attorney-at-Law Act of 2005, which introduced new type of law firm, LLC, can facilitate the capitalization of the Korean law firms. The prospect of opening legal services market according to the multilateral and/or bilateral agreements for free trade in services, esp. KOR-US FTA and KOR-EU FTA can remove some substantial barriers to entry to the legal services market which the Korean lawyers have built for more than a century. All that the Koreans ungently need is just one thing: the de-regulation.
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