국제해저기구 법률기술위원회의 운영현황과 개선방안
A Study on the current status and improvement of the Legal and Technical Commission of the International Seabed Authority
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국가관할권 한계 이원의 심해저에서의 광물자원을 개발하기 위한 주관기구인 국제해저기구(International Seabed Authority, 이하 ‘해저기구’라 함)는 1994년 설립된 이후 26년이라는 기간 동안 의사규칙 채택, 심해저 광물자원 개발을 위한 3개 광종에 대한 탐사규칙 제정, 망간단괴, 해저열수광상, 망간각 자원에 대해 총30개의 계약을 체결하고 지금은 개발규칙 제정을 위해 많은 노력을 하고 있다. 법률기술위원회는 이사회의 하부기관으로 이사회의 요청에 따라 해저기구의 임무수행에 관한 권고를 하는데 심해저 탐사‧개발사업계획서의 심사, 심해저광업규칙의 제정 등 중요한 역할을 수행하는 전문가 집단이다. 이러한 법률기술위원회의 역할은 유엔해양법협약 제11장의 이행에 관한 협정에 따라 경제기획위원회의 기능을 같이 수행하도록 하고 있기 때문에 회원국들이 법률기술위원회에 자국 출신 전문가들을 배출하려 하고 있다. 우리나라도 현재까지 5번에 걸친 법률기술위원회 선거에서 지속적으로 위원을 배출시키고 있는데 법률기술위원회의 업무 증가와 함께 그 중요성 또한 커지고 있기 때문에 법률기술위원회의 운영현황과 향후 개선방안을 파악하여 시의적절한 대응방안을 마련하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 법률기술위원회의 구성 및 운영과 관련하여 문제가 되는 부분은 우선 총원과 지리적 배분을 어떻게 해야 하는지에 대한 기준이 없다는 문제이다. 법률기술위원회는 유엔해양법협약상 15명이 정원인 것을 1996년 초기 구성시 22명으로 7명을 증원하고, 2001년에는 24명, 2006년 이후 25명으로 증원시켜 인원을 유지하다가 2016년에는 총 30명으로 인원을 확대하였다. 2016년 법률기술위원회 위원 선거는 총 위원 증원 필요성, 증원 규모 및 방법(지리적 배분 고려 및 위원 개인의 전문성 반영 문제 포함) 등을 둘러싸고 많은 논의를 하였으나 국가 및 지역그룹 간 입장차가 지속되면서 임시방편적으로 2016년에 한해 인원을 30명으로 한다는 합의안을 도출하였다. 이와 같이 2016년 법률기술위원회 위원 선거에서 발생한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 2017년 제23차 이사회에서는 법률기술위원회의 정원, 지리적 배분, 전문분야, 선출 절차 등에 대해 논의하였으나 결과를 얻지 못한 바 있다. 법법률기술위원회(2017-2021년) 위원들의 임기가 2021년에 만료되기 때문에 2016년에 발생한 문제를 반복하지 않기 위해 법률기술위원회 선거를 위한 기준을 마련하는 것이 해저기구의 기관운영문제의 가장 시급한 현안사안 중 하나이다. 따라서 본 논문은 법률기술위원회 위원들을 구성하는데 있어 유엖양법협약상의 기준과 유엔해양법협약 제11장의 이행에 관한 협정 요구하고 있는 경제기획위원회의 기능을 수행하기 위해 최적의 정원이 몇 명인지, 지리적 배분은 어떻게 해야 하는지 전문분야는 어떠한 분야가 되어야 하는지에 대한 기준을 제시하여 법률기술위원회의 효율적 운영방안을 찾고자 한다.
Abstract
The Legal and Technical Commission (LTC), a subordinate organ of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), is an organization that reviews major issues arising as a result of seabed activities and makes recommendations to the Council, while also evaluating work plans, making recommendations regarding protection of the marine environment, and formulating the rules, regulations and procedures for the ISA. Due to the functional significance of the LTC, the initial membership under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was increased from 15 to 22 members in 1996, and was continuously increased until it had a total of 30 members in 2016. There has been much discussion regarding the size of the Commission, and the geographical distribution, area of expertise and the election process of the members, but a consensus has yet to be reached since there is a divide between a group that emphasizes geographical distribution and a group that emphasizes area of expertise. This paper aims to suggest how many members are appropriate to efficiently implement the functions of the LTC, how geographical distribution should take place, and which areas of expertise should be adjusted.
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