Anti-Oral Microbial Effect of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Ethanol Extract: A Multi-Target Approach to Cariogenic and Periodontal Pathogens
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Background: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf ethanol extract (GLE) against oral microorganisms and to elucidate the potential of GLE as an alternative antimicrobial agent through comparative analysis. Methods: The growth inhibitory effects of GLE on Gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans (Sm), S. mitis (Smt), and Lactobacillus casei , Gram-negative bacteria, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Escherichia coli, Treponema denticola (Td), and the fungus Candida albicans (Ca), were analyzed using optical density, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zone using the disk diffusion method. Results: Growth inhibition of Sm and Smt was observed at GLE concentrations of 1.5∼2 mg/ml. The MIC for Sm and Smt were 1.5 mg/ml and 2.0 mg/ml, and the MBC were 2.0 mg/ml and 3.75 mg/ml, respectively. The growth inhibition of Aa and Td was observed at above 5.0 mg/ml. The MIC of Aa and Td were 3.75 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. The MBC for Aa was 5.0 mg/ml, whereas the MBC of Td was non-detected and is estimated to be above 6.25 mg/ml. For Ca, significant growth inhibition was observed starting at 7.25 mg/ml, while no inhibition zone was formed for either GLE or penicillin, and neither MIC nor MFC were detected. Conclusion: GLE has the potential to serve as an alternative antimicrobial agent to control cariogenic bacteria, such as Sm and periodontal pathogens, including Aa and Td. Furthermore, GLE demonstrated inhibitory effects on the growth of the fungus Ca. Therefore, GLE has the potential to be utilized as a safe and effective antimicrobial alternative with broad-spectrum activity and multi-target properties against cariogenic and periodontal pathogens.
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf ethanol extract (GLE) against oral microorganisms and to elucidate the potential of GLE as an alternative antimicrobial agent through comparative analysis. Methods: The growth inhibitory effects of GLE on Gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans (Sm), S. mitis (Smt), and Lactobacillus casei , Gram-negative bacteria, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Escherichia coli, Treponema denticola (Td), and the fungus Candida albicans (Ca), were analyzed using optical density, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zone using the disk diffusion method. Results: Growth inhibition of Sm and Smt was observed at GLE concentrations of 1.5∼2 mg/ml. The MIC for Sm and Smt were 1.5 mg/ml and 2.0 mg/ml, and the MBC were 2.0 mg/ml and 3.75 mg/ml, respectively. The growth inhibition of Aa and Td was observed at above 5.0 mg/ml. The MIC of Aa and Td were 3.75 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. The MBC for Aa was 5.0 mg/ml, whereas the MBC of Td was non-detected and is estimated to be above 6.25 mg/ml. For Ca, significant growth inhibition was observed starting at 7.25 mg/ml, while no inhibition zone was formed for either GLE or penicillin, and neither MIC nor MFC were detected. Conclusion: GLE has the potential to serve as an alternative antimicrobial agent to control cariogenic bacteria, such as Sm and periodontal pathogens, including Aa and Td. Furthermore, GLE demonstrated inhibitory effects on the growth of the fungus Ca. Therefore, GLE has the potential to be utilized as a safe and effective antimicrobial alternative with broad-spectrum activity and multi-target properties against cariogenic and periodontal pathogens.