18세기 영문학과 근대(성) 비판에 대한 시론(試論) – 21세기의 전/반/탈/근대(성)을 향하여
Eighteenth-Century English Literature and Critique of Modernity: Notes towards Pre-/Anti-/Post-modern(ity) in the 21st Century
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The eighteenth century has long been referred as an “Age of Reason.” It is a tribute to the rationalist philosophy, scientific advancements and progress in material prosperity. The seeds of the modern, modernity and modernization were sown in the Age of Enlightenment which started in the seventeenth century in the West. The epistemological gists of the eighteenth century were reason, order, and rationalism. However, they were only some parts of the whole story, for industrial revolution, capitalism, urbanization, and democracy led to the dynamic and vibrant socio-cultural world. Thus the eighteenth century should be now called an “Age of Energy, Mobility and Exuberance.”The English Literature of the eighteenth century usually incorporated the socio-cultural values of Enlightenment and modernity. It was habituated to the idea of neo-classical literary criticism: decorum, imitation, wit, three unities, manners, poetic diction, satire and versification. But some of eighteenth century literary works were never sympathetic to the so-called modernist projects. They put the case against the harmful effects of the modernity and modernization. They often aspired to be pre-modern, anti-modern, and even post-modern. Arguably the resistance to and critique of modernity were almost contradictorily coexistent with the enthusiastic modernist program in the eighteenth century. The aim of this essay is to discuss the critique of modernity in some English literary works in the 18th century. In his satirical novel, Gulliveŕs Travels, Jonathan Swift tried to redefine the rational human being as animal rationis capax (that is, only capable of being rational). Joseph Addison in his tragedy, Cato, almost unconsciously revealed some hidden ideology of Western colonialism which ultimately resulted from modernity. In his novel, A Sentimental Journey, Laurence Sterne put an emphasis on the value of the sentimental in reaction against the instrumental reason. He longed for the sympathetic imagination for the civil society. Adam Smith also preferred moral sentiment to individualist egoism in his less well-known book, The Theory of The Moral Sentiment for the future ruthless capitalist society. These four authors all earnestly resisted and criticized the modernist ideologies and culture.
Abstract
The eighteenth century has long been referred as an “Age of Reason.” It is a tribute to the rationalist philosophy, scientific advancements and progress in material prosperity. The seeds of the modern, modernity and modernization were sown in the Age of Enlightenment which started in the seventeenth century in the West. The epistemological gists of the eighteenth century were reason, order, and rationalism. However, they were only some parts of the whole story, for industrial revolution, capitalism, urbanization, and democracy led to the dynamic and vibrant socio-cultural world. Thus the eighteenth century should be now called an “Age of Energy, Mobility and Exuberance.”The English Literature of the eighteenth century usually incorporated the socio-cultural values of Enlightenment and modernity. It was habituated to the idea of neo-classical literary criticism: decorum, imitation, wit, three unities, manners, poetic diction, satire and versification. But some of eighteenth century literary works were never sympathetic to the so-called modernist projects. They put the case against the harmful effects of the modernity and modernization. They often aspired to be pre-modern, anti-modern, and even post-modern. Arguably the resistance to and critique of modernity were almost contradictorily coexistent with the enthusiastic modernist program in the eighteenth century. The aim of this essay is to discuss the critique of modernity in some English literary works in the 18th century. In his satirical novel, Gulliveŕs Travels, Jonathan Swift tried to redefine the rational human being as animal rationis capax (that is, only capable of being rational). Joseph Addison in his tragedy, Cato, almost unconsciously revealed some hidden ideology of Western colonialism which ultimately resulted from modernity. In his novel, A Sentimental Journey, Laurence Sterne put an emphasis on the value of the sentimental in reaction against the instrumental reason. He longed for the sympathetic imagination for the civil society. Adam Smith also preferred moral sentiment to individualist egoism in his less well-known book, The Theory of The Moral Sentiment for the future ruthless capitalist society. These four authors all earnestly resisted and criticized the modernist ideologies and culture.
참고문헌 (34)
- 김명복, "예술과 문학―고딕에서 로코코까지. in: 현상과 인식" (1997)
- 김일영, "로렌스 스턴. in: 18세기 영국소설 강의" (1999), 신아사
- 라투르, 브뤼노, "우리는 결코 근대인이였던 적이 없다-대칭적 인류학을 위하여" (2009), 갈무리
- 롤스, 존, "정의론" (2005), 이학사
- 박지향, "일그러진 근대" (2003), 푸른역사
- 윤혜준, "근대 대도시의 원형으로 ‘긴 18세기’ 런던의 문화적 재현", 현대비평과 이론, 17(1) (2010)
- 정정호, "계몽과 근대의 대화―18세기 영문학 텍스트 읽기와 쓰기" (2004), 중앙대 출판부
- 정정호, "세계화 시대의 비판적 페다고지" (2001), 생각의 나무
- 존스, 수미에, "중층 텍스트(overtext): 초기 근대문학의 포스트모더니즘 이론을 위하여. in: 비평 제2호" (2000)
- 최주리, "감상소설 The Sentimental Novel. in: 18세기 영국소설 강의" (1999), 신아사
- Abrams, M. H., "From Addison to Kant: Modern Aesthetics and the Exemplary Art. in: A Studies in Eighteenth-Century British Art and Aesthetics" (1985), U of California P
- Anderson, David R., "Approaches to Teaching the Works of Samuel Johnson" (1993), MLA
- Day, Gary, "The Eighteenth-Century Literature Handbook" (2009), Continuum
- Frye, Northrop, "Towards Defining an Age of Sensibility. in: Eighteenth Century English Literature" (1959), Oxford UP
- Griswold, Charles L. Jr., "Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment" (1999), Cambridge UP
- Greene, Donald, "The Age of Exuberance" (1970), Random House
- Habermas, Jürgen, "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article", New German Critique, 3 (1974)
- Irlam, Shaun, "Elations: The Poetics of Enthusiasm in Eighteenth-Century Britain" (1999), Stanford UP
- Mckeon, M., "The Origins of the English Novel, 1660-1740. 2nd. ed." (1987), Johnson Hopkins UP
- Nettleton, George H., "British Dramatists from Dryden to Sheridan" (1969), Southern Illinois UP
- Nussbaum, Felicity A., "The Global Eighteenth Century" (2003), The Johns Hopkins UP
- Nussbaum, Felicity A., "The New 18th Century: Theory ‧ Politics ‧ English Literature" (1987), Methuen
- Pinch, Adela, "Strange Fits of Passion: Epitemologies of Emotion from Hume to Austen" (1996), Stanford UP
- Postman, Neil, "Building a Bridge to the 18th Century: How the Past Can Improve Our Future" (2000), Alfred A. Knopf
- Price, Martin, "To the Palace of Wisdom: Studies in Order and Energy from Dryden to Blake" (1965), Anchor Book
- Roston, Murray, "Changing Perspectives in Literature and the Visual Arts 1650-1820" (1820), Princeton UP
- Said Edward W., "Orientalism" (1978), Vintage Books
- Smith, Adam, "도덕감정론" (1996), 비봉출판사
- Smith, Adam, "Lectures on Rhetoric and Belle Letters" (1983), Clarendon Press
- Smith, Adam, "The Wealth of Nations" (1970), Pelican Books
- Starr, G. Gabrielle, "Lyric Generations: Poetry and the Novel in the Long Eighteenth Century" (2004), Johns Hopkins UP
- Sterne, Laurence, "A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy" (1977), Penguin Books
- Swift, Jonathan, "The Writings of Jonathan Swift" (1973), W.W. Norton&Company
- Watt, Ian, "The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding. 2nd ed" (2000), U of California P