해안마을 여성의 공동어로와 자원에 대한 권리:제주도 잠수(潛嫂)의 사례에서

Abstract

This paper reports on a study of communal-fishing(gathering) and resources rights of women-divers(“Jamsu”) in Jeju island. Based on a year-long fieldwork within the Jamsu community of Gimnyeong village in northeast of Jeju, it investigates the women divers’daily activities in the coastal water, their norms about coastal resources and conception of this important ecological and social arena. The work of these women divers is called “Muljil”in Jeju, which refers to the plain-diving(breath-holding diving) activity to collect the shell-fish and seaweed from underneath the coastal water, which the divers think to be“ Badabat (maritime garden)”. Mulgil is continued by women in the costal region over a long period of time. It is regarded as ‘traditional’fishing method but connected international fishing market. This paper focused on that the Mulgil is sustainable work because of it’s resources right. The women divers have dealt with preservation of ocean resources through informal association“ Jamsu-Hoe”. They solidify each other for a protection from unforeseeable accident in the sea. The colleagues are forming the multiple relation which gives a help to daily life. For this reason their fishing method(plain-diving) is protected from new technology: skin-scuba, diving apparatus etc. Mujil involves competition of gathering among them if not destruct resources right. Inhabitants(and Jamsu) are trying to find ways to share fair resources right. They have a rule of rotation of communal-gathering ground(“maelojang”) and additional efforts like giving food. Inhabitants look for equitable resources rights on the maelojang. And the right is accomplished take part in all together gathering work. So that they accomplish the “communal rights”which mean ‘equivalent value qualitatively’. Not only has Jamsu the exclusive rights about some maritime resources but also symbiosis relationship. Consequently it is hard to find the tragedy of the Commons in Jamsu village because of symbiosis relationship. The divers’work in the‘ maritime garden’is mediated by the power of a sea goddess. The local actors conceptualize their relationship with the goddess in an idiom of descent and this conceptual kinship relation is demonstrated dramatically in the periodic rituals of Jamsukut, shamanic rituals for the divers. The rituals symbolize that they are the owner of maritime garden as descents.