본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

A Review on the RF Coil Designs and Trends for Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging

김경남|Jose Daniel Hernandez Chang
대한자기공명의과학회 (Korean Society Of Magnetic Resonance In Medicine)|2020.09|Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging|제24권 제3호|pp. 95-122

2

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

HomogeneityMagnetic resonance imagingRadiofrequency coilMagnetic flux density
주제분류방사선과학

초록

In this article, we evaluated the performance of radiofrequency (RF) coils in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and homogeneity of magnetic resonance images when used for ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Highquality MRI can be obtained when these two basic requirements are met. However, because of the dielectric effect, 7T magnetic resonance imaging still produces essentially a non-uniform magnetic flux (|B1|) density distribution. In general, heterogeneous and homogeneous RF coils may be designed using electromagnetic (EM) modeling. Heterogeneous coils, which are surface coils, are used in consideration of scalability in the |B1| region with a high S/N as multichannel loop coils rather than selecting a single loop. Loop coils are considered state of the art for their simplicity yet effective |B1|-field distribution and intensity. In addition, combining multiple loop coils allows phase arrays (PA). PA coils have gained great interest for use in receiving signals because of parallel imaging (PI) techniques, such as sensitivity encoding (SENSE) and generalized autocalibrating partial parallel acquisition (GRAPPA), which drastically reduce the acquisition time. With the introduction of a parallel transmit coil (pTx) system, a form of transceiver loop arrays has also been proposed. In this article, we discussed the applications and proposed designs of loop coils. RF homogeneous coils for volume imaging include Alderman-Grant resonators, birdcage coils, saddle coils, traveling wave coils, transmission line arrays, composite right-/left-handed arrays, and fusion coils. In this article, we also discussed the basic operation, design, and applications of these coils.

Abstract

In this article, we evaluated the performance of radiofrequency (RF) coils in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and homogeneity of magnetic resonance images when used for ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Highquality MRI can be obtained when these two basic requirements are met. However, because of the dielectric effect, 7T magnetic resonance imaging still produces essentially a non-uniform magnetic flux (|B1|) density distribution. In general, heterogeneous and homogeneous RF coils may be designed using electromagnetic (EM) modeling. Heterogeneous coils, which are surface coils, are used in consideration of scalability in the |B1| region with a high S/N as multichannel loop coils rather than selecting a single loop. Loop coils are considered state of the art for their simplicity yet effective |B1|-field distribution and intensity. In addition, combining multiple loop coils allows phase arrays (PA). PA coils have gained great interest for use in receiving signals because of parallel imaging (PI) techniques, such as sensitivity encoding (SENSE) and generalized autocalibrating partial parallel acquisition (GRAPPA), which drastically reduce the acquisition time. With the introduction of a parallel transmit coil (pTx) system, a form of transceiver loop arrays has also been proposed. In this article, we discussed the applications and proposed designs of loop coils. RF homogeneous coils for volume imaging include Alderman-Grant resonators, birdcage coils, saddle coils, traveling wave coils, transmission line arrays, composite right-/left-handed arrays, and fusion coils. In this article, we also discussed the basic operation, design, and applications of these coils.

참고문헌 (114)

  1. Mansfield P, "NMR 'diffraction' in solids?", J Phys C Solid State Phys, 6, pp.L422~L427 (1973)
  2. Wang J, "Factors influencing flip angle mapping in MRI: RF pulse shape, slice-select gradients, off-resonance excitation, and B0inhomogeneities", Magn Reson Med, 56, pp.463~468 (2006)
  3. Ernst RR, "Applications of Fourier transform spectroscopy to magnetic resonance", Rev Sci Instrum, 37, pp.93~102 (1966)
  4. Klomp DWJ, "Transmit", receive headcoil for optimal 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in paediatric patients at 3T, 2004, pp.17, 1~4
  5. Redpath TW, "Estimating achievable signalto-noise ratios of MRI transmit-receive coils from radiofrequency power measurements : applications in quality control", Phys Med Biol, 45, pp.217~227 (2000)
  6. Kumar A, "Noise figure limits for circular loop MR coils", Magn Reson Med, 61, pp.1201~1209 (2009)
  7. Dietrich O, "Measurement of signal-to-noise ratios in MR images:influence of multichannel coils, parallel imaging, and reconstruction filters", J Magn Reson Imaging, 26, pp.375~385 (2007)
  8. Kaufman L, "Measuring signal-to-noise ratios in MR imaging", Radiology, 173, pp.265~267 (1989)
  9. Henkelman RM, "Erratum : Measurement of signal intensities in the presence of noise in MR images", Med Phys, 13, pp.544~ (1986)
  10. Smith NB, "Introduction to medical imaging-Physics, engineering and clinical applications" (2011), Cambridge University Press
  11. Chen CN, "Quadrature detection coils-A further √2 improvement in sensitivity", J Magn Reson, 54, pp.324~327 (1983)
  12. Glover GH, "Comparison of linear and circular polarization for magnetic resonance imaging", J Magn Reson, 64, pp.255~270 (1985)
  13. Springer E, "Comparison of routine brain imaging at 3 T and 7 T", Invest Radiol, 51, pp.469~482 (2016)
  14. Pradhan S, "Comparison of single voxel brain MRS AT 3T and 7T using 32-channel head coils", Magn Reson Imaging, 33, pp.1013~1018 (2015)
  15. Suttie JJ, "7 Tesla (T) human cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging using FLASH and SSFP to assess cardiac function: validation against 1.5T and 3 T", NMR Biomed, 25, pp.27~34 (2012)
  16. Vaidya MV, "Dependence of B1+ and B1-field patterns of surface coils on the electrical properties of the sample and the MR operating frequency", Concepts Magn Reson Part B Magn Reson Eng, 46, pp.25~40 (2016)
  17. Jin JM, "Electromagnetics in magnetic resonance imaging", IEEE Trans Antennas Propag Mag, 40, pp.7~22 (1998)
  18. Collins CM, "Electromagnetics in magnetic resonance imaging: physical principles, related applications, and ongoing developments" (2016), Morgan & Claypool Publishers
  19. Ibrahim TS, "Analytical approach to the MR signal", Magn Reson Med, 54, pp.677~682 (2005)
  20. Hoult DI, "The principle of reciprocity in signal strength calculations-a mathematical guide", Concepts Magn Reson, 12, pp.173~187 (2000)
  21. Balanis CA, "Advanced engineering electromagnetics", pp.323~326 (1989), John Wiley & Sons, Inc
  22. Chunli W, "Simulation analysis on quality factor of RF receiving coil for an MRI system", 2009 Chinese Control and Decision Conference, pp.4652~4655 (2009)
  23. Ibrahim TS, "Understanding and manipulating the RF fields at high field MRI", NMR Biomed, 22, pp.927~936 (2009)
  24. Collins CM, "Numerical field calculations considering the human subject for engineering and safety assurance in MRI", NMR Biomed, 22, pp.919~926 (2009)
  25. Avdievich NI, "Improved homogeneity of the transmit field by simultaneous transmission with phased array and volume coil", J Magn Reson Imaging, 32, pp.476~481 (2010)
  26. Chen X, "Electromagnetic computation and modeling in MRI", Med Phys, 44, pp.1186~1203 (2017)
  28. "Ansys HFSS software"[URL]
  29. "SIM4LIFE software"[URL]
  30. "COMSOL multiphysics"[URL]
  31. "Feko electromagnetic simulation software"[URL]
  32. Gabriel C, "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey", Phys Med Biol, 41, pp.2231~2249 (1996)
  33. Weyers D, "Shading reduction at 3.0 T using an elliptical drive", Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med, 14, pp.2023~ (2006)
  34. Nistler J, "Homogeneity improvement using a 2 port birdcage coil", Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med, 15, pp.1063~ (2007)
  35. Hernandez D, "Iterative multi-channel radio frequency pulse calibration with improving B1field uniformity in high field MRI", Biomed Eng Online, 14, pp.15~ (2015)
  36. Jia H, "Impact of 3.0 T cardiac MR imaging using dual-source parallel radiofrequency transmission with patient-adaptive B1 shimming", PLoS One, 8, pp.e66946~ (2013)
  37. Ibrahim TS, "Effect of RF coil excitation on field inhomogeneity at ultra high fields : a field optimized TEM resonator", Magn Reson Imaging, 19, pp.1339~1347 (2001)
  38. Collins CM, "Combination of optimized transmit arrays and some receive array reconstruction methods can yield homogeneous images at very high frequencies", Magn Reson Med, 54, pp.1327~1332 (2005)
  39. Abraham R, "Proposed radiofrequency phasedarray excitation scheme for homogenous and localized 7-Tesla whole-body imaging based on full-wave numerical simulations", Magn Reson Med, 57, pp.235~242 (2007)
  40. Van den Berg CA, "Simultaneous B1+ homogenisation and SAR hotspot suppression by a phased array MR transmit coil", Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med, 14, pp.2039~ (2006)
  41. Roemer PB, "The NMR phased array", Magn Reson Med, 16, pp.192~225 (1990)
  42. Pruessmann KP, "SENSE : sensitivity encoding for fast MRI", Magn Reson Med, 42, pp.952~962 (1999)
  43. Kim DE, "Retrospective 3D modeling of RF coils using a 3D tracker for EM simulation", Concepts Magn Reson Part B, 43B, pp.126~132 (2013)
  44. Marlon Perez, "A Tool Box to Evaluate the Phased Array Coil Performance Using Retrospective 3D Coil Modeling", Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 18(2), pp.107~119 (2014), 대한자기공명의과학회[DOI]
  45. Hernandez D, "Computational analysis for the combination of inductive coupled wireless coils and high permittivity materials to improve B1 field for rhesus monkey MRI", Appl Comput Electrom, 34, pp.1457~1460 (2019)
  46. Wolf S, "SAR simulations for high-field MRI: how much detail, effort, and accuracy is needed?", Magn Reson Med, 69, pp.1157~1168 (2013)
  47. Wang Z, "SAR and temperature : simulations and comparison to regulatory limits for MRI", J Magn Reson Imaging, 26, pp.437~441 (2007)
  48. Fiedler TM, "SAR Simulations & Safety", Neuroimage, 168, pp.33~58 (2018)
  49. Wu X, "Comparison of RF body coils for MRI at 3 T: a simulation study using parallel transmission on various anatomical targets", NMR Biomed, 28, pp.1332~1344 (2015)
  50. Giovannetti G, "Simulation, design, and test of an elliptical surface coil for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy", Concepts Magn Reson Part B, 47B, pp.e21361~ (2017)
  51. Yan X, "Self-decoupled radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging", Nat Commun, 9, pp.3481~ (2018)
  52. Stara R, "RF coil design for low and high field MRI: numerical methods and measurements", 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, pp.3465~3469 (2011)
  53. Haase A, "NMR probeheads for in-vivo applications", Concept Magn Reson, 12, pp.361~388 (2000)
  54. Hayes CE, "An efficient, highly homogeneous radiofrequency coil for whole-body NMR imaging at 1.5 T", J Magn Reson, 63, pp.622~628 (1985)
  55. Edelstein WA, "The intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio in NMR imaging", Magn Reson Med, 3, pp.604~618 (1986)
  56. Giovannetti G, "Comparison between circular and square loops for low-frequency magnetic resonance applications:theoretical performance estimation", Concepts Magn Reson Part B, 46B, pp.146~155 (2016)
  57. Fenn AJ, "The development of phased-array radar technology", Lincoln Lab J, 12, pp.321~340 (2000)
  58. Schmitt M, "A 128-channel receive-only cardiac coil for highly accelerated cardiac MRI at 3 Tesla", Magn Reson Med, 59, pp.1431~1439 (2008)
  59. Pruessmann KP, "SENSE : sensitivity encoding for fast MRI", Magn Reson Med, 42, pp.952~962 (1999)
  60. Sodickson DK, "SMASH imaging", Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 7, pp.237~254 (1999)
  61. Griswold MA, "Generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions(GRAPPA)", Magn Reson Med, 47, pp.1202~1210 (2002)
  62. Wiesinger F, "Parallel imaging performance as a function of field strength--an experimental investigation using electrodynamic scaling", Magn Reson Med, 52, pp.953~964 (2004)
  63. Lee RF, "Coupling and decoupling theory and its application to the MRI phased array", Magn Reson Med, 48, pp.203~213 (2002)
  64. Kim KN, "Quantitative assessment of phased array coils with different numbers of receiving channels in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and spatial noise variation in magnetic resonance imaging", PLoS One, 14, pp.e0219407~ (2019)
  65. Kim KN, "Magnetic field sensitivity at 7-T using dual-helmholtz transmit-only coil and 12-channel receive-only bended coil", Scanning, 38, pp.515~524 (2016)
  66. Giovannetti G, "A fast and accurate simulator for the design of birdcage coils in MRI", MAGMA, 15, pp.36~44 (2002)
  67. Chen CN, "Quadrature detection coils-a further √2 improvement in sensitivity", J Magn Reson, 54, pp.324~327 (1983)
  68. Vincent DE, "Birdcage volume coils and magnetic resonance imaging : a simple experiment for students", J Biol Eng, 11, pp.41~ (2017)
  69. Vaughan JT, "Efficient highfrequency body coil for high-field MRI", Magn Reson Med, 52, pp.851~859 (2004)
  70. Vaughan JT, "High frequency volume coils for clinical NMR imaging and spectroscopy", Magn Reson Med, 32, pp.206~218 (1994)
  71. Giovannetti G, "Birdcage coils: Equivalent capacitance and equivalent inductance", Concepts Magn Reson Part B, 44B, pp.32~38 (2014)
  72. 서증훈, "Investigation of the B1 Field Distribution and RF Power Deposition in a Birdcage Coil as Functions of the Number of Coil Legs at 4.7 T, 7.0 T, and 11.7 T", Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 66(12), pp.1822~1826 (2015), 한국물리학회
  73. Park JS, "A new 3.0 T hybrid-spiralbirdcage (HSB) coil for improved homogeneity along z-axis", Proc Intl Soc Mag Reason Med, 8, pp.1393~ (2000)
  74. Kim KN, "Homogeneous and heterogeneous resonators in ultrahigh-field MRI", Doctor, pp.2011
  75. Kim KN, "Analysis of endcap effect for MRI birdcage RF coil by FDTD method", J Korean Soc Magn Reson Med, 7, pp.137~143 (2003)
  76. Salmon CEG, "Optimization of saddle coils for magnetic resonance imaging", Braz J Phys, 36, pp.4~8 (2006)
  77. Kim KN, "Development of double-layer coupled coil for improving S", N in 7 T small-animal MRI, 2015, pp.37, 361~371
  78. Zhang B, "Whole body traveling wave magnetic resonance imaging at high field strength: homogeneity, efficiency, and energy deposition as compared with traditional excitation mechanisms", Magn Reson Med, 67, pp.1183~1193 (2012)
  79. Brunner DO, "Traveling wave MR on a whole-body system", Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, pp.434~ (2008)
  80. Brunner DO, "Travelling-wave nuclear magnetic resonance", Nature, 457, pp.994~998 (2009)
  81. KS OK, "A dual-feed circularlypolarized traveling-wave array antenna", 2014 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp.1417~1419 (2014)
  82. Zhang B, "Whole-body traveling-wave imaging at 7T: Simulation and early in-vivo experiment", Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, pp.498~ (2009)
  83. Yan X, "Traveling-wave meets standing-wave: a simulation study using pair-oftransverse-dipole-ring (PTDR) coils for adjustable longitudinal coverage in ultra-high field MRI", Concepts Magn Reson Part B Magn Reson Eng, 48B (2018)
  84. Elabyad IA, "Combination of travelling wave approach and microstrip transceiver coil arrays for MRI at 7T", 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, pp.1~4 (2011)
  85. Andreychenko A, "Coaxial waveguide for travelling wave MRI at ultrahigh fields", Magn Reson Med, 70, pp.875~884 (2013)
  86. Vazquez F, "Travelling wave magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T", J Appl Phys, 114, pp.064906~ (2013)
  87. Elabyad IA, "Travelling wave approach for high field magnetic resonance imaging", 2010 3rd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL 2010), pp.5702899~ (2010)
  88. Andreychenko A, "Effective delivery of the traveling wave to distant locations in the body at 7T", Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, pp.501~ (2009)
  89. Mallow J, "Ultra-high field MRI for primate imaging using the travelling-wave concept", MAGMA, 26, pp.389~400 (2013)
  90. Herrmann T, "The travellingwave primate system : a new solution for magnetic resonance imaging of macaque monkeys at 7 Tesla ultrahigh field", PLoS One, 10, pp.e0129371~ (2015)
  91. Vazquez F, "Transmission of travelling-wave with a simple waveguide for rodents MRI at 9.4 T", arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.02949, ~ (2015)
  92. Erturk MA, "A 16-channel combined loop-dipole transceiver array for 7 Tesla body MRI", Magn Reson Med, 77, pp.884~894 (2017)
  93. Raaijmakers AJ, "Dipole antennas for ultrahigh-field body imaging : a comparison with loop coils", NMR Biomed, 29, pp.1122~1130 (2016)
  94. Wu B, "Shielded microstrip array for 7T human MR imaging", IEEE Trans Med Imaging, 29, pp.179~184 (2010)
  95. Alon L, "Transverse slot antennas for high field MRI", Magn Reson Med, 80, pp.1233~1242 (2018)
  96. Das SK, "Antenna and wave propagation" (2013), Tata McGraw-Hill Education
  97. Kim HJ, "Improvements in radio-frequency transmission for ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging through a bilateral monopole antenna", Electromagnetics, 38, pp.283~290 (2018)
  98. Akin B, "Microstrip array insert for head coils:towards layer fMRI at high fields", ISMRM 27th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, pp.0371~ (2019)
  99. Zhang X, "Microstrip RF surface coil design for extremely high-field MRI and spectroscopy", Magn Reson Med, 46, pp.443~450 (2001)
  100. Rennings A, "A CRLH metamaterial based RF coil element for magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla", Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP ’09), pp.3231~3234 (2009)
  101. Erni D, "Highly adaptive RF excitation scheme based on conformal resonant CRLH metamaterial ring antennas for 7-Tesla traveling-wave magnetic resonance imaging", 2011Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.554~558 (2011)
  102. Mosig J, "Design and characteristics of a metamaterial transmit", receive coil element for 7 Tesla MRI, 2009, 173~176
  103. Hernandez D, "Linear array arrangement using composite right-", left-handed transmission lines for magnetic resonance imaging, 2020, pp.30, 216~223
  104. Hernandez D, "Comparisons for microstrip and CRLH transmission lines array coils at 7T", ISMRM 27th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, pp.1515~ (2019)
  105. Svejda JT, "A metamaterial based dualresonant coil element for combined sodium", hydrogen MRI at 7-Tesla, 2016, pp.84, 2~12
  106. Svejda JT, "An intrinsically double tuned half-wavelength CRLH resonator for combined 23Na", 1H MRI, 2013, pp.26, 346~348
  107. Hu R, "X-nuclei imaging: Current state, technical challenges, and future directions", J Magn Reson Imaging, 51, pp.355~376 (2020)
  108. Song-I Lim, "Radiofrequency Coil Design for in vivo Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Mouse Kidney at 9.4T", Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 22(1), pp.65~70 (2018), 대한자기공명의과학회[DOI]
  109. Han SD, "Double-layered dual-tuned RF coil using frequency-selectable PIN-diode control at 7-T MRI", Concepts Magn Reson Part B, 47B, pp.e21363~ (2017)
  110. Gruber B, "RF coils : a practical guide for nonphysicists", J Magn Reson Imaging, 48, pp.590~604 (2018)
  111. Paska J, "A rigid, stand-off hybrid dipole, and birdcage coil array for 7 T body imaging", Magn Reson Med, 80, pp.822~832 (2018)
  112. Elabyad IA, "Combination of travelling wave approach and microstrip transceiver coil arrays for MRI at 7T", 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, pp.1~4 (2011)
  113. Zaaraoui W, "Monitoring demyelination and remyelination by magnetization transfer imaging in the mouse brain at 9.4 T", MAGMA, 21, pp.357~362 (2008)
  114. 이소희, "High-Resolution Numerical Simulation of Respiration-Induced Dynamic B0 Shift in the Head in High-Field MRI", Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 23(1), pp.38~45 (2019), 대한자기공명의과학회

관련 논문AI추천

Dipole Element Evaluation of 8-Channel Arrays for Human Head Imaging at 10.5 Tesla MRIWoo Myung Kyun대한자기공명의과학회 · Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging2024 · 제28권 제3호Comparative Analysis of Inter-Element Coupling in Sleeve and Dipole Antennas for Ultra-High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging곽준무, 박영돈, 우명균대한자기공명의과학회 · Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging2025 · 제29권 제3호RF Shimming Considering Coupling Effects for High-Field MRI이수열, 조민형, 허혜영대한의용생체공학회 · 의공학회지2008 · 제29권 제4호Time-Multiplexed RF Transmission to Improve B1 Homogeneity in High Field MRI이수열, 한병희, Hye Young Heo, Jeung Hun Seo대한의용생체공학회 · 의공학회지2008 · 제29권 제2호Sheath Current Effects in Dipole Antenna Arrays at 10.5 T: Influence of Cable Spacing and Trap Implementation박주형, 우명균, 이유빈대한자기공명의과학회 · Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging2025 · 제29권 제3호Comparative Analysis of Simulated Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Loop and Sleeve Antennas at 10.5 Tesla for Human Head ImagingWoo Myung Kyun대한자기공명의과학회 · Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging2024 · 제28권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (7건)

Optimization of Multi-Atlas Segmentation with Joint Label Fusion Algorithm for Automatic Segmentation in Prostate MR Imaging김찬교, 김재훈, Yoon Ho Choipp. 123-131Comparison of Standard and Specialized Readings in Routine Practice for the Assessment of Extraprostatic Extension of Prostate Cancer on MRI after Biopsy염헌규, 신성희, 김시형pp. 132-140Phantom-Validated Reference Values of Myocardial Mapping and Extracellular Volume at 3T in Healthy Koreans김판기, 최병욱, Eun-Jin Lee, 정정임pp. 141-153Leak Sign on Dynamic-Susceptibility- Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Intracerebral HemorrhageDae Young Hong, Dong-Woo Lee, 박지강, Sun Tak Jin, Hae Wook Pyunpp. 154-161Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis with Atypical Features and Comorbid Uterine STUMP: a Case Report and Review of the Literature이은지, 장윤우, 홍성숙, 황지영, 이효표, 오은선, 남보다, Kyunghwa Ryu, 최인호pp. 162-167
원문 보기