프랑스, 영국, 미국의 다문화주의에 대한 비교고찰: 삼국의 이민통합정책을 중심으로
A Comparative Research on the Multiculturalism in France, UK and US.: Centering on their Integration Policies towards Immigrants and Minorities
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본고의 목적은 정치 독트린이나 이데올로기가 아닌, ‘다문화주의적 전망(multicultural perspective)’을 가지고 프랑스, 영국, 미국의 이민통합정책을 서로 비교⋅고찰하는 데 있다. 근자에 이민통합은 중요한 사회적 이슈가 되었고, 학자들은 다양한 통합모델의 이론을 제시해왔다. 또한 삼국은 외국인을 프랑스인, 영국인, 또는 미국인으로 만들기 위해 국가전통이나 이성적인 전략에 근거하여 공공정책을 실시해 왔다. 참고로 국가정책으로서의 다문화주의는 다음과 같은 내용들을 포함한다. ①이중국적의 승인, ②소수인종(또는 민족)의 언어로 발행되는 신문이나 TV, 라디오 방송국에 대한 정부의 지원, ③소수인종의 축제나 공휴일, 의식에 대한 지원, ④학교, 군대, 일반사회에서 전통의상이나 종교의상 착용의 허용, ⑤소수문화의 예술과 음악에 대한 지원, ⑥정치와 SET(과학, 엔지니어링, 기술), 수학, 교육, 일터에서 소수인종의 대표를 권장하는 프로그램, ⑦각 인종집단의 구성원에게 다른 법률코드를 시행하는 것 등이 있다. 프랑스의 공화주의적 모델, 영국의 인종관계에 근거한 다문화주의 모델, 시민권운동에서 유래한 미국의 다문화주의정책을 서로 비교한 다음 삼국의 통합정책의 결과를 OECD통계자료를 통해 사례별로 분석하기로 한다.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine the integration policies of immigrants & minorities in France, UK and US in a multicultural perspective. Recently, the integration of immigrants into a host-country becomes an important social issue in US and Europe with the rise of terrorism. Thus, many scholars have painfully elaborated various integration models to resolve actual problems closely related to the influx of Non-European immigrants. The three countries (France, UK and US) have practiced the public policies towards immigrants and minorities in order to make them French, British or American on the basis of their national traditions or rational strategies. For reference, the multiculturalism as a state or government policy may include: (1) recognition of multiple citizenship (the multiple citizenship itself usually results from the nationality laws of another country), (2) government support for newspapers, television, and radio in minority languages, (3) support for minority festivals, holidays, and celebrations, (4) acceptance of traditional and religious dress in schools, the military, and society in general, (5) support for music and arts from minority cultures, (6) programs to encourage minority representation in politics, SET (Science, Engineering and Technology), Mathematics, education, and the work force in general, (7)enforcement of different codes of law on members of each ethnic group (e.g. Malaysia enforces Shar'ia law, but only for a particular ethnic group). I will not make only a comparative research on French republican model, British multicultural model based on racial relations, and American multicultural policy mainly derived from citizen movements, but also an analysis on the results of three countries' integration policies on their immigrants according to the statistics of OECD.
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