EU 준칙(Directives)의 회원국 내에서의 효력에 관한 연구
A Study on the Effects of EU Directive provisions before domestic courts of Member States
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이 논문에서는 EU준칙의 국내적 효력이 어떻게 발전되어 나오고 있는가를 개관하였다. EU기능조약 제 288 조는 준칙은 단지 회원국(국가)만을 구속하며 따라서 준칙은 개인에게 권리를 창설하지 못함을 시사하고 있다. 그러나 유럽재판소는 이같은 문법적 해석을 거부하였다. 즉, 유럽재판소의 사고에 따르면, 정의에 의해 준칙이 단지 국가만을 수범자(norm addressee)로 한다고 해서 이것이 반드시 준칙은 개인을 위해 권리를 창설할 수 없음을 의미하지는 않는다는 것이다. 요약하면, 유럽재판소는 지금까지 몇 가지 원칙을 수립하였다. 우선, 첫째, 준칙은 개인을 위해 권리를 창설할 수 있다. 둘째, 그러나 개인에게 의무를 부과할 수는 없으며, 따라서 사인간의 관계에서는 효력이 없다(이른바 수평적 직접효력의 부인). 이 두 지주원칙을 기초로 유럽재판소는 준칙의 국내적 실효성을 확대하여 왔다. 즉, 첫째, 준칙원용 대상인 국가의 개념을 넓게 해석하였다. 둘째, 국내재판소는 가능하면 이행되지 아니한 준칙이라 하더라도 이것과 부합하도록 국내법을 해석할 것이 요구된다. 셋째, 준칙을 위반한 국내법규정이 사인간의 소송에서 적용될 수 없는 경우가 있으며, 이 경우 준칙은 외관상 마치 수평적 직접효력이 있는 결과로 비친다. 넷째, 준칙을 기한 내에 이행하지 않음으로 인하여 손해를 초래한 경우 국가는 개인에게 배상하여야 한다. 결론적으로, 준칙은 수평적 직접효력이 없다는 원칙과 부수적 수평적 효력 간에 불편한 긴장관계가 지속되고 있다.
Abstract
This paper surveys how the domestic effects of the EU directive provisions have developed. Article 288 of the “Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union” suggests that directives bind only Member States and that consequently they cannot create rights for individuals. The European Court rejected this grammatical approach: the Court thought that the fact that by definition directives address only Member States does not necessarily mean they cannot create rights for individuals. To sum, the Court has established several principles up to now. First and foremost, the directives can create rights for individuals under certain circumstances, -to wit, they can be domestically directly effective ; they, however, may not of itself impose obligations on an individual and therefore may not be horizontally effective. Based on the two pillar principles, the Court has expanded the domestic effectiveness of directives, -that is to say, broadened was the concept of State against which individuals can invoke direct effect of directives ; the domestic courts are called upon to interpret domestic legislation, although to the extent “as far as possible”, in conformity with unimplemented directives ; directives could be incidentally effective when a domestic provision violating a directive is inapplicable in a suit between privates persons ; and, if a state fails to implement, or incorrectly implement, a directive by the deadline and causes damage to individuals, it is duty-bound to compensate for the loss incurred by the latter. One problem obtains: the uneasy tension between “no horizontal direct effect” of directives and “incidental horizontal effect” thereof still remains.
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