자본주의의 기원: 16-18세기 유럽의 자본주의
The Origin of Capitalism: European Capitalism in the 16th-18th centuries
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이 연구는 자본주의 기원의 논쟁 가운데 16세기부터 18세기까지의 시기를 자본주의의 시작이라고 보는 시각을 집중적으로, 그리고 비판적으로 분석한다. 자본주의의 지리적 출발 영역에 대해서는 역사학이나 사회과학에서 전통적으로 유럽, 특히 서유럽을 주목했다. 하지만 시기에 있어서는 다양한 학파가 서로 다른 입장을 내세웠다. 여기서는중세 후반의 기원론이나 18-19세기 산업혁명을 자본주의의 시작으로 보는 시각과 달리16-18세기를 중시하는 입장을 분석한다. 우선 시기적으로 왜 16세기부터 18세기를 자본주의의 시작으로 보는지 원인을 살펴본다. 달리 말해 중세 후반을 주장하는 학설과 차이점을 중점적으로 조명한다. 다음은 16-18세기 기원론이 가지는 자본주의 성격에 대한논쟁을 들여다본다. 여기서는 이 시기의 상업 자본주의와 이후 18세말부터 시작하는 산업 자본주의의 차이를 분석하며, 이 둘의 연관성에 대해 논의한다. 마지막으로는 지리적으로 유럽을 중심으로 상업 자본주의가 발전하였다는 논지를 비판적으로 검토하며 그 논리적 귀결을 논의한다. 결론에서는 16-18세기 자본주의 기원론의 장단점을 평가하며 현대 자본주의를 이해하는데 어떤 관점을 보완해야 하는지 잠정적 입장을 도출한다.
Abstract
This research critically analyzes the period from the 16th century to the 18th century in the debate on the origin of capitalism. Historians and social scientists agree on the European, especially Western European, geographical origin of capitalism. Nevertheless, different schools have emphasized different historical period as the beginning point of capitalism. In this article, we specifically consider the period of 16th-18th centuries as the period of capitalist emergence, as opposed to the late-Medieval period or the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. First, we analyze why certain authors point to this period as the origin of capitalism, notably comparing with those who emphasize the late-Medieval period. What happened in the 16th century to make this qualitative difference? Second, we discuss the nature and characteristics of capitalism depending on the period of emergence, especially the mercantile model of the 16-18th centuries with the industrial model of the 19th century. Third, we consider the geographical dimension of the debate on the origin of capitalism, particularly with authors who deny the singularity of the European mercantile societies. We conclude by comparing the pros and cons of the 16-18th centuries thesis in the debate, and by underlining what complementary factors should be added in the discussion.
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