사회협약, 당파성, 불평등의 정치경제: 아일랜드 사례를 중심으로
Political Economy of Social Pacts, Partisanship, and Inequality in Ireland
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일반적으로 사회협약을 통해 경제위기를 극복했던 선진 복지국가들은 고용 창출뿐만아니라 그 과정에서 발생하는 불평등 문제를 해결하기 위해 다양한 입법적 조치를 취했다. 반면, 아일랜드 정부는 1980년대 후반부터 20년간 사회협약을 통해 높은 고용 창출을달성했음에도 불구하고 불평등 문제를 해결하는 데 미온적이었다. 왜 아일랜드 정부는노동시장 불평등에 소극적으로 대처했는가? 본 연구는 정부의 당파성에 주목한다. 즉, 아무리 노사정 간의 사회협약이 지속된다 하더라도, 보수정당 중심의 정당체제 하에서 진행된 사회협약에서는 불평등 문제를 해결하려는 유인이 크지 않으리란 것이다. 오랜 기간 정책결정과정에서 핵심 역할을 해왔던 공화당의 보수적 성격과 유럽에서 가장 낮은 지지율의 좌파정당들, 그리고 정당보다 인물을 중시하는 선거제도가 맞물리면서 아일랜드 정부는 전국에 파편화되고 조직력이 약한 노동시장 외부자 집단의 불평등 완화 요구에 민감하게 반응하지 않았던 것이다.
Abstract
It is acknowledged that the advanced welfare states that overcame the economic crisis through social pacts tend to enact a set of policies for creating jobs and reducing the inequality disparity in the labor groups. However, the Irish government, despite achieving remarkable job creation based on social pacts for twenty years, did not actively enact policies for vulnerable workers who strongly demanded economic equality. Why did the Irish government respond passively to the labor market inequality? This article focuses on government partisanship. In other words, although the social pacts have been successfully sustained, political parties tend not to have strong incentive to make a law to solve the labor market inequality problems under the right party-centered party system. In Ireland, the parties needed not to respond sensitively to the demands of unorganized workers due to the following structural features: the presence of strong right party, Fine Fáil; the left parties with the lowest approval rating in Europe; and the electoral system that emphasizes the candidates’ specific character rather than the parties’ national agenda.
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