다양한 연령의 얼굴 정서 표상: 다차원척도법 연구
Representation of Facial Expressions of Different Ages: A Multidimensional Scaling Study
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기존의 얼굴 정서자극을 이용한 정서 차원연구에서는 쾌불쾌차원(valence)과 각성차원(arousal)이라는 두 가지의핵심정서(core affect)의 구조가 밝혀졌는데, 이러한 정서차원 구조가 일반적인 지, 그렇지 않다면 정서차원 인식에영향을 미치는 요인은 무엇인지 파악할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 얼굴 자극의 연령이 주요한 요인 중 하나라고정하고, 6가지 정서 표현(화난, 역겨운, 두려운, 행복한, 중립적인, 슬픈)이 세 연령(청년, 장년, 노년)층에 차이가 있는지살펴보았다. 기존 연구에서는 두 얼굴 자극의 유사성을 직접 물어보는 경우가 많았는데, 본 연구에서는 정서 간 유사성을 직접 측정하지 않고 두 가지 얼굴 자극이 함께 제시될 때 두 정서 표현이 같은지 다른지에 대한 판단을 하도록하는 간접적인 측정을 하였다. 각 연령별 데이터를 다차원척도법으로 분석한 결과, 세 연령대 모두 화난-역겨운, 그리고슬픈-역겨운 정서쌍이 유사성이 높았다. 연령간 차이로는 노년 정서자극에 대해서 위 두 쌍 외에 화난-슬픈, 화난-중립적인, 중립적인-슬픈, 역겨운-두려운의 정서쌍에 대해서도 유사성이 높음을 확인하였으며 이러한 경향은 나머지 두 연령대에서는 발견되지 않았다. 같은 정서 쌍에 대한 결과에서는 ‘슬픈’이 노년층에서만 정확도가 매우 낮았으며, 이는슬픔을 표현하는 노년층의 얼굴 정서를 쉽게 구분하기 어렵다는 점을 시사한다. 본 연구는 두 얼굴 정서에 대해 직접적인 유사성을 묻는 것이 아닌, 정서 판단을 통해 간접적으로 정서 간 유사성을 유도하는 방법으로도 정서 차원 연구가시사한다. 또한 여러 연령 별로 전반적으로는 쾌불쾌, 각성이라는 주요 정서 차원이 잘 드러나지만 노년층의 특정정서 표현에 대한 인식이 다른 연령대의 정서 표현보다는 차이가 있을 수 있음을 보여준다.
Abstract
Previous studies using facial expressions have revealed valence and arousal as two core dimensions of affective space. However, it remains unknown if the two dimensional structure is consistent across ages. This study investigated affective dimensions using six facial expressions (angry, disgusted, fearful, happy, neutral, and sad) at three ages (young, middle-aged, and old). Several studies previously required participants to directly rate subjective similarity between facial expression pairs. In this study, we collected indirect measures by asking participants to decide if a pair of two stimuli conveyed the same emotions. Multidimensional scaling showed that “angry-disgusted” and “sad-disgusted” pairs are similar at all three ages. In addition, “angry-sad,” “angry-neutral,” “neutral-sad,” and “disgusted-fearful” pairs were similar at old age. When two faces in a pair reflect the same emotion, “sad” was the most inaccurate in old age, suggesting that the ability to recognize “sad” decreases with old age. This study suggested that the general two-core dimension structure is robust across all age groups with the exception of specific emotions.
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