Effects of Thymol, Eugenol and Malate on In vitro Rumen Microbial Fermentation
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of increased levels of eugenol, thymol and malate on pH and the concentrations of VFA, lactate and ammonia-N during in vitro ruminal incubation. One Hanwoo beef steer(741kg) fitted with a rumen cannula was used and fed 0.5kg/day rice straw and 10kg/day corn-based concentrate(ratio of concentrate to rice straw = 95:5 on DM basis). Three different doses of thymol, eugenol and malate were used. Treatments of the experiment were as follows: Treatments of thymol were control(1g D-glucose/40ml), T1(1g D-glucose+40mg thymol/40ml), T2(1g D-glucose+50 mg thymol/40ml) and T3(1g D-glucose+60mg thymol/40ml). Treatments of eugenol were control(1g D-glucose/40ml), E1(1g D-glucose+55mg eugenol/40ml), E2(1gD-glucose+65mg eugenol/40ml) and E3(1gD-glucose+75mg eugenol/40ml). Treatments of malate were control(1gD-glucose/40ml), M1(1gD-glucose+25mg malate/40ml), M2(1g D-glucose+50mg malate/40ml) and M3(1g D-glucose+100mg malate/40ml). The results of this study showed that eugenol and thymol have improved stability of the ruminal fermentation by decreasing lactic acid concentration and increasing ruminal pH. However, it inhibited the production of total VFA, acetate and propionate. Malate also improved stability of the ruminal fermentation by decreasing lactic acid concentration and increasing ruminal pH, but it had a very little effect on ruminal lactate concentrations and pH. On the other hand, malate did not decrease the concentrations of total VFA, acetate and propionate. Therefore, at the low ruminal pH expected in high-concentrate diets, thymol, eugenol, and malate are potentially useful in Hanwoo finishing diets. Further studies are necessary for determining the effectiveness of these additives on in vivo rumen fermentation and animal performance in Hanwoo finishing steers.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of increased levels of eugenol, thymol and malate on pH and the concentrations of VFA, lactate and ammonia-N during in vitro ruminal incubation. One Hanwoo beef steer(741kg) fitted with a rumen cannula was used and fed 0.5kg/day rice straw and 10kg/day corn-based concentrate(ratio of concentrate to rice straw = 95:5 on DM basis). Three different doses of thymol, eugenol and malate were used. Treatments of the experiment were as follows: Treatments of thymol were control(1g D-glucose/40ml), T1(1g D-glucose+40mg thymol/40ml), T2(1g D-glucose+50 mg thymol/40ml) and T3(1g D-glucose+60mg thymol/40ml). Treatments of eugenol were control(1g D-glucose/40ml), E1(1g D-glucose+55mg eugenol/40ml), E2(1gD-glucose+65mg eugenol/40ml) and E3(1gD-glucose+75mg eugenol/40ml). Treatments of malate were control(1gD-glucose/40ml), M1(1gD-glucose+25mg malate/40ml), M2(1g D-glucose+50mg malate/40ml) and M3(1g D-glucose+100mg malate/40ml). The results of this study showed that eugenol and thymol have improved stability of the ruminal fermentation by decreasing lactic acid concentration and increasing ruminal pH. However, it inhibited the production of total VFA, acetate and propionate. Malate also improved stability of the ruminal fermentation by decreasing lactic acid concentration and increasing ruminal pH, but it had a very little effect on ruminal lactate concentrations and pH. On the other hand, malate did not decrease the concentrations of total VFA, acetate and propionate. Therefore, at the low ruminal pH expected in high-concentrate diets, thymol, eugenol, and malate are potentially useful in Hanwoo finishing diets. Further studies are necessary for determining the effectiveness of these additives on in vivo rumen fermentation and animal performance in Hanwoo finishing steers.
참고문헌 (37)
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists, "Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists" (1990), Association of Official Analytical Chemists
- Benchaar, C, "Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage", J. Dairy Sci, 90, pp.886~897 (2007)
- Bevans, D. W, "Effect of rapid or gradual grain adaptation on subacute acidosis and feed intake by feedlot cattle", J. Anim. Sci, 83, pp.1116~1132 (2005)
- Borchers, R, "Proteolytic activity of rumen fluid in vitro", J. Anim. Sci, 24, pp.1033~1038 (1965)
- Burt, S, "Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-A review", Int. J. Food Microbiol, 94, pp.223~253 (2004)
- Busquet, M, "Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation", J. Dairy Sci, 89, pp.761~771 (2006)
- Callaway, T. R, "Effect of organic acid and monensin treatment on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation of cracked corn", J. Anim Sci, 74, pp.1982~1989 (1996)
- Castillejos, L, "Effect of essential oils active compounds on rumen microbial ferment- ation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems", J. Dairy Sci, 89, pp.2649~2658 (2006)
- Chaney, A. L, "Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia", Clin. Biochem, 8, pp.130~137 (1962)
- Chao, S. C, "Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses", J. Essent. Oil Res, 12, pp.639~649 (2000)
- Davidson, P. M, "Phyto-phenols. in Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems", pp.265~293 (2000), CRC Press
- Dawson, D. A, "Digestive disorders and nutritional toxicity in The rumen microbial ecosystem", pp.445~459 (1988), Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd
- Dawson, K. A, "Digestive disorders and nutritional toxicity. In: The rumen microbial ecosystem", pp.633~660 (1997), Blackie Academic and Professional
- Dorman, H. J. D, "Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils", J. Appl. Microbiol, 88, pp.308~316 (2000)
- Erwin, E. S, "Volatile fatty acid analysis of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography", J. Dairy Sci, 44, pp.1768~1771 (1961)
- Evans, J. D, "Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms", Curr. Microbiol, 41, pp.336~340 (2000)
- Gershenzon, J, "Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites", pp.165~219 (1991), Academic Press
- Gottschalk, G, "Bacterial Metabolism" (1986), Springer Verlag
- Greathead, H, "Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity", Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62, pp.279~290 (2003)
- Helander, I. M, "Characteritzation of the action of selected essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria", J. Agric. Food Chem, 46, pp.3590~3595 (1998)
- Lehninger, A. L, "Biochemistry" (1975), Worth Publishers
- Martin, S. A, "Manipulation of ruminal fermentation with organic acids: A review", J. Anim. Sci, 76, pp.3123~3132 (1998)
- Martin, S. A, "Effect of extracellular hydrogen on organic acid utilization by the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium", Curr. Microbiol, 32, pp.327~331 (1996)
- Martin, S. A, "Effect of malate on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation", J. Anim. Sci, 73, pp.2141~2145 (1995)
- Martin, S. A, "Effects of DL-malate on ruminal metabolism and performance of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet", J. Anim. Sci, 77, pp.1008~1015 (1999)
- MeDougal, E. I, "Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva", Biochem. J, 43, pp.99~103 (1948)
- Montano, M .F, "Influence of malic acid supplementation on ruminal pH, lactic acid utilization, and digestive function in steers fed high-concentrate finishing diets", J. Anim. Sci, 77, pp.780~784 (1999)
- Nisbet, D. J, "Factors affecting L- lactate utilization by Selenomonas ruminantium", J. Anim. Sci, 72, pp.1355~1361 (1994)
- Panizzi, L, "Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four mediterranean Lamiaceae", J. Ethnopharmacol, 39, pp.167~170 (1993)
- Rural Development Administration, "The standard farming textbook. Hanwoo", Rural Development Administration, ~ (2007)
- Russell, J. B, "Regulation of lactate production in Streptococcus bovis. A spiraling effect that contributes to rumen acidosis", J. Dairy. Sci, 68, pp.1712~1721 (1985)
- SAS Institute, "SAS® User’s guide: Statistics" (2002), Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc
- Slyter, L. L, "Influence of acidosis on rumen function", J. Animal Sci, 43, pp.910~929 (1976)
- Smith-Palmer, A, "Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens", Letters in Applied Micro- biology, 26, pp.118~122 (1998)
- Tilley, J. M. A, "A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops", J. Brit. Grassland Soc, 18, pp.104~111 (1963)
- Van Soest, P. J, "Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch poly-saccharides in relation to animal nutrition", J. Dairy Sci, 74, pp.3583~3597 (1991)
- Walsh, S. E, "Activity and mechanisms of action of selected biocidal agents on gram- positive and negative bacteria", J. Appl. Microbiol, 94, pp.240~247 (2003)