‘정치의 여성화’와 젠더 정치의 동학: 영국 노동당과 보수당을 중심으로
‘Feminization of Politics’ and the Dynamics of Gender Politics in the Labour and the Conservative Parties (U.K.)
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이 논문은 1997년 이후 꾸준하게 지속되고 있는 영국 ‘정치의 여성화’ 과정을 전염이론의 비판적 적용을 통해 분석한다. 1979년 마가렛 대처의 집권 이후부터 진행된 노동당 내부의 여성 조직의 강화와 연속된 선거 패배 후 도입·강화된 여성선거인명부(AWS)의 실행을 통해 1997년 노동당은 집권에 성공하고, 이는 여성의원 수의 급격한 증가를 동반하며 영국 정치의 여성화의 결정적 계기를 마련하였다. 그리고 연속된 패배 이후 보수당 여성 조직의 활성화와 할당제와 유사한 A 리스트 등의 적용을 통해 여성 대표성 강화를 당의 현대화 전략으로 내세우면서 보수당은 2010년 집권에 성공하였고, 이는 노동당과 마찬가지로 상당한 폭의 여성의원 증가와 동반하였다. 이 논문은 이러한 정치의 여성화 과정을 각 정당 내외부에서 작동하는 젠더 정치의 동학의 관점에서 분석하고 그를 통해 영국의 경험이 여성 대표성 및 할당제 논의에 지니는 있는 함의를 도출하고자 한다.
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of gender politics in the course of ‘feminizing politics’ in the UK, which has been steadily increasing since 1997 when the Labour Party finally succeeded to win the election by tracing back its trajectory, which began from 1979 when Margaret Thatcher became the first female prime minister. While many studies have focused merely on the results of the increased number of women MPs of the Labour Party from 37 in 1992 to 101 in 1997 with its total number doubled from 60 to 120 by highlighting the effect of All Women’s Shortlist (AWS) introduced by the Labour, this paper pays much attention to the dynamics of gender politics, by which internal and external factors the AWS was introduced in the Labour and its effects on its rivalry, the Conservative Party in the U.K. While contagion theory has much to offer to analyse how Labour's experience has transferred to the Conservative, this paper will begin with a critical analysis of the contagion theory by focusing on the dynamics of internal gender party politics. In conclusion, this paper will draw implications of the feminization of politics in the U.K. for the discourses of women’s representation and gender quota, particularly in the context of Korean politics.
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