18세기 의관 이수기(李壽祺)의 자기인식: 기술직 중인의 전문가의식을 중심으로
YI Suki’s Yŏksimanpil and the Professional Identity of a Chung’in Medical Official in Eighteenth Century Chosŏn Korea
0
조회
0
다운로드
22
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
About one hundred years after the publication of Tongŭibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613), a physician at the court YI Suki (李壽祺, 1664-?) wrote a medical manuscript titled Yŏksimanpil (歷試漫筆, Miscellaneous Jottings on Medical Experiences and Tests, 1734). As indicated in its title, Yŏksimanpil was a medical essay composed of 130 medical case histories, drawing on what YI Suki himself had experienced in his medical practices. This paper examines the messages YI Suki in Yŏksimanpil tried to address to his fellow Korean doctors, and by doing so illuminates an aspect of the medicine in the late Chosŏn period. The argument goes that YI Suki wrote Yŏksimanpil as a vehicle for promulgating his professional identity as a bureaucratic physician who belonged to the network of the chung’in (中人)technical officials―a group of government technical functionaries in late Chosŏn Korea. Throughout the late Chosŏn period, the chung’in technical officials had been discriminated, institutionally and socioculturally, against the yangban (兩班) literati, while their promotion to honored higher positions was blocked. It was in the late 17th and early 18th century that a group of chung’in officials tried to secure their sociocultural places for their professional activity, thus bringing to light their social and professional identity in Chosŏn society. A member of the network of the chung’in technical officials in the early 18th century, YI Suki was in an effort to position himself as a doctor somewhere between the medical tradition and the Confucian literary tradition. In these sociocultural contexts, we can see more clearly what YI Suki tried to speak of in his book and the historical meaning of the medical writing Yŏksimanpil. First, the way he practiced medicine was testing and confirming what the received medical textbooks had asserted (Chŭnghŏmkobang 證驗古方). This style of practicing medicine could be viewed as a reflection of the comprehensivity trait of bureaucratic court physicians network YI Suki belonged to. Also this type of practice has the implication that YI Suki himself was a well-versed practitioner following the medical textual tradition, which was closely associated with the medical officials network. The emergence of the practice Chŭnghŏmkobang could be better understood in the backdrop of over 100 years of maturation process of Tongŭibogam in the clinical practices. Second, he formulated the professional identity of physicians only in terms of medical proficiency without recourse to the Confucian literary tradition. In other words, in promoting the social status of medicine, he did not resort to Confucian morality. He instead emphasized his dexterity or resourcefulness in dealing with millions of ever-changing diseases (Imsikwŏnbyŏn 臨時權變). Conceivably, this way of characterizing his own medical practice―by way of strongly combining the textual tradition and the experiential tradition while keeping distance with the Confucian literary tradition―reflected the complexity of the ambivalent identity of the technical chung’in officials,especially in regard to Confucianism, between Confucian physicians and hereditary doctors. All in all, YI Suki presented himself as an ideal image of the physician, which arguably reflected the sociocultural and academic context of the network of the chung’in technical officials in early 18th century Chosŏn Korea.
Abstract
About one hundred years after the publication of Tongŭibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613), a physician at the court YI Suki (李壽祺, 1664-?) wrote a medical manuscript titled Yŏksimanpil (歷試漫筆, Miscellaneous Jottings on Medical Experiences and Tests, 1734). As indicated in its title, Yŏksimanpil was a medical essay composed of 130 medical case histories, drawing on what YI Suki himself had experienced in his medical practices. This paper examines the messages YI Suki in Yŏksimanpil tried to address to his fellow Korean doctors, and by doing so illuminates an aspect of the medicine in the late Chosŏn period. The argument goes that YI Suki wrote Yŏksimanpil as a vehicle for promulgating his professional identity as a bureaucratic physician who belonged to the network of the chung’in (中人)technical officials―a group of government technical functionaries in late Chosŏn Korea. Throughout the late Chosŏn period, the chung’in technical officials had been discriminated, institutionally and socioculturally, against the yangban (兩班) literati, while their promotion to honored higher positions was blocked. It was in the late 17th and early 18th century that a group of chung’in officials tried to secure their sociocultural places for their professional activity, thus bringing to light their social and professional identity in Chosŏn society. A member of the network of the chung’in technical officials in the early 18th century, YI Suki was in an effort to position himself as a doctor somewhere between the medical tradition and the Confucian literary tradition. In these sociocultural contexts, we can see more clearly what YI Suki tried to speak of in his book and the historical meaning of the medical writing Yŏksimanpil. First, the way he practiced medicine was testing and confirming what the received medical textbooks had asserted (Chŭnghŏmkobang 證驗古方). This style of practicing medicine could be viewed as a reflection of the comprehensivity trait of bureaucratic court physicians network YI Suki belonged to. Also this type of practice has the implication that YI Suki himself was a well-versed practitioner following the medical textual tradition, which was closely associated with the medical officials network. The emergence of the practice Chŭnghŏmkobang could be better understood in the backdrop of over 100 years of maturation process of Tongŭibogam in the clinical practices. Second, he formulated the professional identity of physicians only in terms of medical proficiency without recourse to the Confucian literary tradition. In other words, in promoting the social status of medicine, he did not resort to Confucian morality. He instead emphasized his dexterity or resourcefulness in dealing with millions of ever-changing diseases (Imsikwŏnbyŏn 臨時權變). Conceivably, this way of characterizing his own medical practice―by way of strongly combining the textual tradition and the experiential tradition while keeping distance with the Confucian literary tradition―reflected the complexity of the ambivalent identity of the technical chung’in officials,especially in regard to Confucianism, between Confucian physicians and hereditary doctors. All in all, YI Suki presented himself as an ideal image of the physician, which arguably reflected the sociocultural and academic context of the network of the chung’in technical officials in early 18th century Chosŏn Korea.
참고문헌 (68)
- "槿域書畵徵", ~
- "東醫寶鑑", ~
- "屛山集", ~
- "史記", ~
- "承政院日記", ~
- "藥山漫稿", ~
- "量齋漫筆", ~
- "歷試漫筆", ~
- "浣巖集", ~
- "愚岑雜著", ~
- "柳下集", ~
- "醫科榜目", ~
- "醫科先生案", ~
- "醫科八世譜", ~
- "醫譯籌八世譜", ~
- "朝鮮王朝實錄", ~
- "天安李氏族譜", ~
- "春秋左氏傳", ~
- "太醫院先生案", ~
- "漢書", ~
- "승정원일기"[URL]
- "조선왕조실록"[URL]
- "한국고전종합DB"[URL]
- "한국민족문화대백과사전"[URL]
- "한의고전명저총서"[URL]
- 강명관, "조선후기 여항문학 연구" (1997), 창작과비평사
- 구만옥, "肅宗代(1674-1720) 天文曆算學의 정비", 한국실학연구, (24), pp.279~327 (2012), 한국실학학회
- 권오빈, "醫員 朴泰元 인물연구", 韓國醫史學會誌, 22(1), pp.1~5 (2009), 한국의사학회
- 김남일, "한의학에 미친 조선의 지식인들" (2011), 들녘
- 김성수, "朝鮮時代 醫員의 변화와 自己意識 형성", 한국한의학연구원논문집, 17(2), pp.1~16 (2011), 한국한의학연구원
- 김양수, "조선후기 中人의 경기지방관 진출: 守令案과 內鍼醫, 議藥同參先生案을 중심으로", 한국전통과학기술학회지, 4(1) (1998)
- 김진, "조선시대 의관선발: 영조ㆍ정조시대 『의과방목』을 중심으로", 동방학지, 104 (1999)
- 김훈, "“醫者意也”의 起源에 관한 考察", 韓國醫史學會誌, 12(2), pp.249~262 (1999), 한국의사학회
- 서지영, "조선후기 중인층 풍류공간의 문화사적 의미 -서구 유럽'살롱'과의 비교를 통하여-", 진단학보, (95), pp.285~317 (2003), 진단학회
- 손홍렬, "조선전기의 의료제도, In 韓國中世의 醫療制度硏究" (1988), 수서원
- 신동원, "조선후기 의원의 존재 양태", 한국과학사학회지, 26(2), pp.197~246 (2004), 한국과학사학회
- 신동원, "한국실학사상연구4" (2005), 혜안
- 신용하, "吳慶錫의 開化思想과 開化活動", 역사학보, 107 (1985)
- 안대회, "18세기 한국한시사 연구" (1999), 소명출판
- 안대회, "閭巷詩人과 天機論", 문헌과 해석, 14 (2001)
- 오영숙, "조선후기 算學의 一面: 崔錫鼎의 算 ‘읽기’", 한국실학연구, (24), pp.329~366 (2012), 한국실학학회
- 윤지훈, "朝鮮後期 閭巷人의 敎育活動과 그 成果 -浣巖 鄭來僑를 중심으로-", 漢字漢文敎育, 1(21), pp.253~280 (2008), 한국한자한문교육학회
- 이규근, "조선후기 내의원 의관 연구", 조선시대사학보, 3 (1997)
- 이규근, "조선후기 議藥同參 연구", 조선시대사학보, 19 (2001)
- 이기복, "의안(醫案)으로 살펴보는 조선후기의 의학 - 실행과정에서 보이는 의학지식에 대한 태도와 행위를 중심으로", 한국과학사학회지, 34(3), pp.429~459 (2012), 한국과학사학회
- 이남희, "朝鮮後期 雜科中人 硏究: 雜科入格者와 그들의 家系 分析" (1999), 이회문화사
- 이남희, "조선후기 잡과의 위상과 특성 - 변화 속의 지속과 응집 -", 한국문화, (58), pp.65~86 (2012), 규장각한국학연구원[DOI]
- 이선아, "개인 文集을 통해서 본 醫學人物의 行蹟", 韓國醫史學會誌, 19(1), pp.3~17 (2006), 한국의사학회
- 이성무, "朝鮮時代雜科合格者總覽: 雜科榜目의 電算化" (1990), 한국정신문화연구원
- 이태진, "18-19세기 서울의 근대적 도시발달 양상", 서울학연구, 4 (1995)
- 이혜순, "조선통신사의 문학" (1996), 이화여자대학교 출판부
- 이훈상, "조선후기 지방 파견 화원들과 그 제도, 그리고 이들의 지방 형상화", 동방학지, (144), pp.305~366 (2008), 국학연구원
- 장태경, "국역 우잠잡저" (2010), 한국한의학연구원
- 정병호, "17, 18세기 閭巷人의 문학적 초상과 鄭來僑의 傳", 동방한문학, 14 (1998)
- 채환종, "조선후기 委巷文學과 사대부: 申靖夏ㆍ申昉과 洪世泰ㆍ鄭來僑를 중심으로", 한국문학논총, 15 (1994)
- 天安李氏族譜刊行委員會, "天安李氏族譜: 全" (2006), 전통족보문화원
- 한영규, "19세기 여항 문단과 醫官 洪顯普", 동방한문학, (38), pp.133~164 (2009), 동방한문학회
- 허경진, "『곡청사고(谷靑私藁)』를 통해본 의원 이현양의 글쓰기", 의사학, 17(2), pp.177~189 (2008), 대한의사학회
- 홍세영, "왕실의 議藥", 韓國醫史學會誌, 23(1), pp.105~113 (2010), 한국의사학회
- 廖育群, "关于中国传统医学的一个传统观念: 医者意也", 大陆杂誌, 101(1) (2000)
- 三木榮, "朝鮮醫學史及疾病史" (1991), 思文閣出版
- Chang, Che-chia, "The Therapeutic Tug of War: The Imperial Physician-Patient Relationship in the Era of Empress Dowager Cixi (1874-1908)", 박사, pp.1998
- Chao, Yüan-ling, "The Ideal Physician in Late Imperial China: The Question of Sanshi 三世", East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine, 17 (2000)
- Chao, Yüan-ling, "The ‘Confucianization’ of Medicine: The Idea of the Ruyi (Confucian Physician) in Late Imperial China, In Medicine and Society in Late Imperial China: A Study of Physician in Suzhou, 1600-1850" (2009), Peter Lang
- Cullen, Christopher, "Yi'an 醫案 (case statements): the origins of a genre of Chinese medical literature, In Innovation in Chinese Medicine" (2001), Cambridge University Press
- Furth, Charlotte, "Producing Medical Knowledge through Cases: History, Evidence, and Action, In Thinking with Cases" (2007), University of Hawaii Press
- Leung, Angela Ki Che, "Organized Medicine in Ming-Qing China: State and Private Medical Institutions in the Lower Yangzi Region", Late Imperial China, 8(1) (1987)
- Zeitlin, Judith T., "The Literary Fashioning of Medical Authority: A Study of Sun Yikui's Case Histories, In Thinking with Cases" (2007), University of Hawaii Press