근대 과학자와 예술가의 사례를 통해 살펴 본 융복합교육으로서의 과학교육: 과학과 예술을 중심으로
Implications of Science Education as Interdisciplinary Education through the Cases of Scientists and Artists in the Modern Era: Focus on the Relationship Between Science and the Arts
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통섭 또는 융복합은 오늘날 매우 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 이에 본연구에서는 과학과 예술의 통합을 시도한 근대 과학자와 예술가들의발견 과정을 중심으로 융복합의 특징을 살펴보고, 근대의 사회철학적배경을 고려함으로써 오늘날 과학교육이 융복합교육으로서 필요한 과제와 방향에 대해 논의하고자 한다. Netwon, Kepler, Galileo 등의 근대 과학자들은 예술의 사실적 묘사와 같은 방법을 통해 과학 지식을표현하고 추론하는 데 활용하였으며, 예술과 과학의 규칙과 대응 관계를 통해 새로운 이론을 주장하고자 하였다. 예술가들 역시 과학을 통해보다 사실적인 현상의 묘사를 힘썼으며, 특히 선원근법을 중심으로한 해부학과 광학에 주로 의존하였다. 또한 과학자들과 예술가들 모두유비 추리를 통한 일종의 “빌려오기”를 통한 융복합을 시도하였다. 이는 시기적으로 신플라톤주의의 영향을 받은 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 당시의 과학자들은 상황이나 장소에 대한 구분 없이 적용되는 보편타당한 법칙과 방법을 추구하였으며, 예술과의 융합을 통해 과학 지식을예술에 접목시키기도 하고 예술의 유용한 도구를 과학적 발견에 활용하기도 하였다. 따라서 오늘날 융복합교육으로서의 과학교육은 학생들에게 보다 전체적인 관점에서 바라볼 수 있도록 해야 하며, 과학과예술 간의 통합을 통한 아이디어 창출을 목표로 과학과 예술 간의상호 보완적인 관계를 중심으로 초학문적 시도를 장려해야 한다. 또한,협동학습의 조직 및 관련되는 평가 기준의 마련을 통해 집단적 창의성을 증진시키고 일상 맥락에서의 문제 해결을 통한 경험을 강조해야할 것이다.
Abstract
The convergence and consilience in education (hereafter, interdisciplinary education) is receiving greatattention from societies. This study aims to investigate the works of scientists and artists who have intendedto combine science with the arts in the modern era, to take into account the socio-philosophical setbacksduring the period, and to suggest pedagogical implications of science education as interdisciplinaryeducation. The concept of interdisciplinary education stems from Plato’s thought, idea, as a comprehensiveand invariant truth. The renaissance, full of enrichment about scientific achievement, was based onNeo-Platonism pursuing holistic-synthetic approach. During the time, scientists presented in this studytried to find comprehensive principles and borrow useful method from the arts. In such a context, scientistsnot only made use of the arts for expression of scientific knowledge, but also drew conclusion by analogicalreasoning between science and the arts. Artists, as well, relied upon anatomy and optics especially, toelaborate linear perspective and even developed their own scientific knowledge through personalexperience. Hence, contemporary science education should encourage students to hold a holistic viewpointabout science and the arts, articulate explicit goals and outcomes as interdisciplinary education, implementmeta-disciplinary instruction about science and the arts, and develop assessment framework forcollaborative learning. There may be good examples for inter-disciplinary education as listed: illustratingscientific ideas through the arts and vice versa, organizing collaborative works and evaluations criteriafor them, and stressing problem solving on a daily basis.
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