온라인 형성평가에 대한 예비 과학교사의 인식과 실행 사례를 통해 살펴본 교사 교육의 시사점
Implications for Teacher Education through Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Perception and Practice Cases on Online Formative Assessment
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
온라인 교수학습 환경으로의 변화에 따라 온라인 형성평가에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 이에 대한 예비 교사들의 준비가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 교사 교육의 기초 토대 마련을 위해 예비 과학교사 22명을 대상으로 온라인 수업과 온라인 형성평가, 형성평가에 대한 인식을 조사하고, 이를 바탕으로 실행 과정에서 나타나는 주요 사항을 분석하였다. 사전 인식은 개방형 설문을 통해 얻은 응답을 오픈 코딩을 통해 범주화하여 범주별 빈도를 파악하였고, 사전 인식의 범주 분류 결과를 바탕으로 실행의 모습을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 현재 상태와 바람직한 활용 목표 간의 격차를 파악하고, 교사 교육에서 중점을 두어야 하는 사항은 무엇인지에 대해 논의하였다. 연구의 결과, 사전 인식에서는 온라인 수업의 어려움으로 상호작용을 언급하고, 온라인 형성평가의 장점으로 테크놀로지의 활용 및 피드백과 수업 조정을 언급하였다. 지도안과 조별 사전 인식 과정에서는 플랫폼의 테크놀로지를 활용하여 자동화된 피드백을 대부분 활용 하였지만, 응답 분석 결과를 활용한 수업 조정과 상호작용이 나타나 지는 않았다. 또한 온라인 형성평가의 형성적 기능에 적합하지 않은 활용 방식이 다수 나타났다. 이러한 원인은 예비 교사들의 형성평가 활용에 대한 이해가 부족하고, ‘평가’의 측면에 치중했기 때문으로 분석된다. 형성평가의 피드백을 통한 ‘형성적’ 기능과 활용 방법에 대한 예비 교사들의 충분한 이해가 바탕이 될 때, 온라인 형성평가의 장점을 활용한 상호작용으로 이어질 수 있다. 따라서 형성평가의 핵심적 기능이 잘 발휘될 수 있도록 형성적 활용에 대한 역량 강화와 실질적 적용 방법에 대한 교육이 예비 교사 교육에서 강조되어야 할것이다.
Abstract
This study aims to reveal what is necessary for pre-service science teachers to make good use of online formative assessment in the context of online classes. For 22 pre-service physics teachers, first, the preliminary perception of online classes, online formative assessment, and formative assessment was investigated; second, the practice process of online formative assessment was examined. Then the differences between perception and practice were compared and analyzed. Data were collected in preliminary surveys, lesson plans, online formative assessment items, and interview data. As a result of the study, an interaction was mentioned as the difficulty of online classes in the preliminary perception, and pre-service teachers mentioned the use of technology, feedback, and adjustment as advantages of online formative assessment. In most cases of practice, the automated feedback was used using the platform’s technology, but it did not lead to adjustment and interaction. In addition, the use of items in online formative assessment was not suitable for formative functions. The reason why the interaction using formative feedback did not occur seems to be because the understanding of formative assessment was insufficient. Pre-service teachers need to be prepared for the ‘formative’ function through the feedback of online formative assessment so that can lead to interaction in online classes. The shift to online classes is creating difficulties, especially in interaction. It is necessary to prepare and educate pre-service teachers on fundamental aspects that can overcome these difficulties.
참고문헌 (62)
- Abell, S. K., "The professional knowledge base of science teaching", pp.205~221 (2011), Springer
- Akyol, Z., "Online and blended communities of inquiry : Exploring the developmental and perceptional differences", The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 10(6), pp.65~83 (2009)
- Alonzo, A. C., "An argument for formative assessment with science learning progressions", Applied Measurement in Education, 31(2), pp.104~112 (2018)
- Angeli, C., "Epistemological and methodological issues for the conceptualization, development, and assessment of ICT–TPCK : Advances in technological pedagogical content knowledge(TPCK)", Computers & Education, 52(1), pp.154~168 (2009)
- Barnes, N., "US teachers’ conceptions of the purposes of assessment", Teaching and Teacher Education, 65, pp.107~116 (2017)
- Beatty, I. D., "Technology-enhanced formative assessment : A research-based pedagogy for teaching science with classroom response technology", Journal of Science Education and Technology, 18(2), pp.146~162 (2009)
- Bell, B., "The characteristics of formative assessment in science education", Science education, 85(5), pp.536~553 (2001)
- Black, P., "‘In praise of educational research’ : Formative assessment", British educational research journal, 29(5), pp.623~637 (2003)
- Black, P., "Inside the Black Box: raising standards through classroom assessment" (1998), School of Education, King’s College
- Boston, C., "The concept of formative assessment", Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8(9), pp.2~5 (2002)
- Box, C., "A case study of teacher personal practice assessment theories and complexities of implementing formative assessment", American Educational Research Journal, 52(5), pp.956~983 (2015)
- Bruner, J., "Learners and Pedagogy", pp.4~21 (1999), Paul Chapman Publishing with The Open University
- 지은림, "교사의 피드백 수행을 위한 구성요인 및 특성에 관한 연구", 아시아교육연구, 10(3), pp.77~102 (2009), 교육연구소[DOI]
- 최현숙, "예비 물리 교사들의 학생평가 문항 제작 수행 수준 조사 - 형성 평가를 위한 선다형 물리 개념 검사 문항 분석 중심으로", 과학교육연구지, 37(3), pp.458~475 (2013), 과학교육연구소[DOI]
- 최경희, "중학교 과학 수업에서 교사와 학생의 언어적 상호작용 분석", 한국과학교육학회지, 24(6), pp.1039~1048 (2004), 한국과학교육학회
- DeLuca, C., "Preparing teachers for the age of accountability: Toward a framework for assessment education", Action in Teacher Education, 34(5-6), pp.576~591 (2012)
- Drumm, L., "Folk pedagogies and pseudo-theories : how lecturers rationalise their digital teaching", Research in Learning Technology, 27 (2019)
- Feldman, A., "Teacher learning of technology enhanced formative assessment", Journal of Science Education and Technology, 17(1), pp.82~99 (2008)
- Furtak, E. M., "Linking a learning progression for natural selection to teachers’ enactment of formative assessment", Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 49(9) (2012)
- Gikandi, J. W., "Online formative assessment in higher education : A review of the literature", Computers & education, 57(4), pp.2333~2351 (2011)
- Hattie, J., "The power of feedback", Review of educational research, 77(1), pp.81~112 (2007)
- Heitink, M. C., "A systematic review of prerequisites for implementing assessment for learning in classroom practice", Educational Research Review, 17, pp.50~62 (2016)
- Heritage, M., "Formative assessment : What do teachers need to know and do?", Phi Delta Kappan, 89(2), pp.140~145 (2007)
- Hill, M. F., "Handbook of human and social conditions in assessment", pp.103~128 (2016), Routledge
- 황요한, "교사와 학생의 상호작용이 강조된 온-오프라인 혼합형 학습이 학습 환경에 대한 인식과 과학 관련 태도에 미치는 영향", 한국과학교육학회지, 35(1), pp.27~35 (2015), 한국과학교육학회[DOI]
- S. Earl Irving, "'One assessment doesn't serve all the purposes' or does it? New Zealand teachers describe assessment and feedback", Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(3), pp.413~426 (2011), 교육연구소[DOI]
- Kim, H., "TPCK Formation and Technology-mediated Interactions -Focusing on a Case of Pre-service Physics Teachers’ Design and Implementation of ‘Platform-Based Formative Assessment’-", doctor, pp.2021
- Introduction of formative assessment system to support customized education (I) -Design of online and offline formative assessment system, "Kim, H.", Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation, ~, pp.RRE 2014-9 (2014)
- 김난옥, "초·중등 예비교사의 형성적 평가 경험과 숙달목표 및 학습을 위한 평가인식의 관계", 교육과정평가연구, 23(3), pp.129~148 (2020), 한국교육과정평가원
- How to do good assessment in science class, "Kim, S.", Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation, ~, pp.ORM-51-5 (2005)
- Kolb, S. M., "Grounded theory and the constant comparative method : Valid research strategies for educators", Journal of emerging trends in educational research and policy studies, 3(1), pp.83~86 (2012)
- Lee, H., "Reserch Article : The Effects of Formative Assessment with Detailed Feedback on Students Science Achievement, Attitude, and Interaction between Teacher and Students", Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 20(3), pp.479~490 (2000)
- Lee, H., "Factors that affect science and mathematics teachers’ initial implementation of technologyenhanced formative assessment using a classroom response system", Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21, pp.523~539 (2012)
- 이재봉, "중학교 과학 교사의 ICT 활용 실태 국제 비교", 한국과학교육학회지, 35(5), pp.885~893 (2015), 한국과학교육학회[DOI]
- McLaughlin, T., "Diverse delivery methods and strong psychological benefits : A review of online formative assessment", Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 33(6), pp.562~574 (2017)
- McMillan, J. H., "Understanding and improving teachers’ classroom assessment decision making : Implications for theory and practice", Educational measurement : Issues and practice, 22(4), pp.34~43 (2003)
- Mertler, C. A., "Secondary teachers’ assessment literacy: Does classroom experience make a difference?", American secondary education, pp.49~64 (2004)
- 나지연, "교육실습에 참여한 예비 초등교사들이 테크놀로지 활용 과학수업 실행에서 느끼는 어려움과 요구", 초등과학교육, 35(1), pp.98~110 (2016), 한국초등과학교육학회[DOI]
- Nicol, D. J., "Formative assessment and selfregulated learning : A model and seven principles of good feedback practice", Studies in higher education, 31(2), pp.199~218 (2006)
- 노태희, "중등 과학교사의 과학 평가 실태와 지향", 한국과학교육학회지, 35(4), pp.725~733 (2015), 한국과학교육학회[DOI]
- 노태희, "중등 예비 화학교사의 수행평가 개발 과정에서 나타나는 교과교육학 지식(PCK) 요소의 특징", 한국과학교육학회지, 37(2), pp.291~299 (2017), 한국과학교육학회[DOI]
- O’Donoghue, T., "Qualitative educational research in action: Doing and reflecting" (2003), Routledge
- Pachler, N., "Formative e-assessment : Practitioner cases", Computers & Education, 54(3), pp.715~721 (2010)
- 박정, "형성평가의 재등장과 교육 평가적 시사", 교육평가연구, 26(4), pp.719~738 (2013), 한국교육평가학회
- Popham, W. J., "Assessment literacy for teachers : Faddish or fundamental?", Theory into practice, 48(1), pp.4~11 (2009)
- Sach, E., "Teachers and testing : An investigation into teachers’perceptions of formative assessment", Educational Studies, 38(3), pp.261~276 (2012)
- Sadler, D. R., "Formative assessment: Revisiting the territory", Assessment in education: principles, policy & practice, 5(1), pp.77~84 (1998)
- 성태제, "형성평가의 재인식에 따른 교사와 학교교육의 변화를 위한 제언", 교육평가연구, 27(3), pp.597~615 (2014), 한국교육평가학회
- Shulman, L., "Knowledge and teaching : Foundations of the new reform", Harvard educational review, 57(1), pp.1~23 (1987)
- Smith, L. F., "Designing assessment for quality learning", pp.303~323 (2014)
- 손원숙, "중등교사의 형성평가 유형에 대한 국제비교분석 : PISA 2015 자료의 활용", 교육평가연구, 30(2), pp.269~290 (2017), 한국교육평가학회
- Shute, V. J., "Focus on formative feedback", Review of educational research, 78(1), pp.153~189 (2008)
- Sorensen, E. K., "Investigating knowledge building dialogues in networked communities of practice. A collaborative learning endeavor across cultures", Interactive educational multimedia, 10, pp.50~ (2005)
- Spencer, L., "Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Sciences Students and Researchers", pp.199~218 (2003), Sage Publication
- Srivastava, P., "A practical iterative framework for qualitative data analysis", International journal of qualitative methods, 8(1), pp.76~84 (2009)
- Stiggins, R., "New assessment beliefs for a new school mission", Phi Delta Kappan, 86(1), pp.22~27 (2004)
- Stiggins, R., "Handbook of formative assessment", pp.233~250 (2010), Taylor & Francis
- van der Kleij F., "Second Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education" (2018), Springer
- van der Pol, J., "The nature, reception, and use of online peer feedback in higher education", Computers & Education, 51(4), pp.1804~1817 (2008)
- Vonderwell, S. K., "Promoting formative assessment in online teaching and learning", TechTrends, 57(4), pp.22~27 (2013)
- Wang, T. H., "Designing a web-based assessment environment for improving pre-service teacher assessment literacy", Computers & Education, 51(1), pp.448~462 (2008)
- Xu, Y., "Teacher assessment literacy in practice : A reconceptualization", Teaching and Teacher Education, 58, pp.149~162 (2016)
