몽골시대 고려인 李達漢의 팍바(´Phags-pa, 八思巴)문자 宣命

Abstract

This paper analyzed the documents that a man of Goryeo in the Mongolina era, Lee, Dal-han received from the 15th Emperor of Mongol, Shundi Togon Temür. Goryeo had independent guardian deities of the stat during the Mongolian era but at the same time, the Emperor of Goryeo had dual status; a son-in-law of King. For that reason, Goryeo people of the time were nominated to government posts not only by the state, but also by Mongolian government. Therefore, consequentially, the documents from Mongolian government maintained the document formats of the Mongolian Empire. In this study, two letters in the documents that Lee, Dal-han received in the Mongolian era, were modified, from the perspective of diplomatics, after a re-consideration of them, based on the preceding studies and then, command documents of the Mongolian Empire, Chikcheop(勅牒) and Seonmyeong(宣命) were considered. The 5th Emperor of Mongol, Qubilai Qa'an established a new script, ´Phags-pa rather than Uighuric script. After that, it was actively encouraged to use ´Phags-pa script, and Chikcheop and Seonmyeong which were imperial documents for appointment, were written in ´Phags-pa script. However, it was hard for people who didn't learn ´Phags-pa script to interpret letters, and it led to a practice to present the original written in Phags-pa script and the copy written in Chinese, at the same time. It is estimated that there was a copy of Seonmyeong written in Chinese to give Lee, Dal-han, but it disappeared, while it was handed down. In the end, the original written in Phags-pa script was only left and it was copied. ´Phags-pa script used in documents for appointment during the Mongolian age copied the sounds of Chinese characters, not transcribing Mongolian language. Therefore, it seems that in the Mongolian Empire of those days, it was customary to present command documents which copied the sounds of Chinese characters, to government officials using Chinese language like Chinese immigrants or Goryeo people. On the other hand, it was found that Chikcheop used for appointment of government officials from the sixth grade to the ninth grade in the Mongolian Empire inherited the style of Chikcheop of the Tang-Song Dynasty. Originally, Chikcheop of the Tang Dynasty was issued, after the chancellor, Joongseomunha(中書門下) received the Emperor's command. After that, there was some institutional change in it during the Northern Song Dynasty, but it didn't change that much. This Chikcheop was established as a style of documents for appointment of government officials by the 5th Emperor of Mongol, Qubilai Qa'an, after the Liao and Chin Dynasty. Moreover, Seonmyeong and Chikchop in the Mongolian era were completely different from the Gosin system(Gosin: A letter of appointment) of the Tang-Song Dynasty, so they didn't contain the contents(Jesa or Chiksa) used in Gosin of the past, and only transcribed the command for appointment of government officials to be issued. This is also very different from the foregone document system of China. As official seals, [皇帝行寶] was stamped on Seonmyeong, and [中書省印] was stamped on Chikcheop. Also, white paper was used for Seonmyeong, and red paper was used for Chikcheop. Accordingly, it was concluded that Lee, Dal-han received the original written in Phags-pa script and the copy written in Chinese, the seal was [皇帝行寶] and the papers were white.