중국 근대 초기 질병으로서의 아편 중독— 「아편문제에 관한 비판적 제언」 연구
Views on Opium Addiction as a Disorder in Early Modern China: Study and Analysis of Remarks on The Opium Question
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Research on the opium question have mostly been centered on drug control policies, diplomacy, politics, economy and socioculture. This article takes a look at the medical perspectives on the opium question, focusing on Remarks on the opium question (Remarks) from The Medical Missionary in China: a Narrative of Twenty Years’ Experience. What were mentioned foremost in Remarks were the addictive symptoms induced by opium (which were being used in traditional Chinese drugs), along with the possibility of curing the addiction. At the time, opium was considered not only as a personal taste but a prevalent cultural custom. Physical properties -either stimulant or sedative- of opium were highlighted, as the drug was processed into a luxury. However, Remarks paid attention to how opium abuse lead to disease manifestations and pain in the body and mind of addicted patients. Hands-on clinical experience with patients admitted to Shanghai’s first modern hospital made this possible. From the clinical cases described, we could observe a beginning of narrative medicine, a modern therapeutical perspective built on the basis that patient-doctor relationships should be cooperative and bidirectional. Nowadays, since the addictive mechanisms of opioid substances have been scientifically revealed, opium is deemed a harmful drug, and ‘substance abuse’ is included and defined in the classification system of mental disorders. The treatment and disease narratives presented in the late Qing dynasty became a major precedent for the official categorization of drug addiction into a disorder.
Abstract
Research on the opium question have mostly been centered on drug control policies, diplomacy, politics, economy and socioculture. This article takes a look at the medical perspectives on the opium question, focusing on Remarks on the opium question (Remarks) from The Medical Missionary in China: a Narrative of Twenty Years’ Experience. What were mentioned foremost in Remarks were the addictive symptoms induced by opium (which were being used in traditional Chinese drugs), along with the possibility of curing the addiction. At the time, opium was considered not only as a personal taste but a prevalent cultural custom. Physical properties -either stimulant or sedative- of opium were highlighted, as the drug was processed into a luxury. However, Remarks paid attention to how opium abuse lead to disease manifestations and pain in the body and mind of addicted patients. Hands-on clinical experience with patients admitted to Shanghai’s first modern hospital made this possible. From the clinical cases described, we could observe a beginning of narrative medicine, a modern therapeutical perspective built on the basis that patient-doctor relationships should be cooperative and bidirectional. Nowadays, since the addictive mechanisms of opioid substances have been scientifically revealed, opium is deemed a harmful drug, and ‘substance abuse’ is included and defined in the classification system of mental disorders. The treatment and disease narratives presented in the late Qing dynasty became a major precedent for the official categorization of drug addiction into a disorder.
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