ICO(Initial Coin Offering)에 대한 미국 연방증권법상 쟁점에 관한 고찰 - 연방증권규제당국(SEC)의 접근방법을 중심으로 -
An Analysis of the Legal Issues involving the Initial Coin Offerings under the U.S. Federal Securities Laws - Focusing on the Approaches taken by the SEC
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2009년 비트코인의 등장 이래 블록체인 등 분산원장기술을 이용하여 인터넷을 통하여 다중으로부터 자금을 조달하는 소위 ICO(Initial Coin Offering)가 전세계적으로 비약적인 속도로 증가하고 있다. 우리 정부는 이러한 ICO에 대하여 새로운 입법을 하지는 아니한 상태에서 전면금지 방침을 밝힌 바 있다. 이 글에서는 우리나라의 자본시장법과 증권규제틀이 유사한 미국의 연방증권법과 동법에 따른 감독당국(SEC)의 ICO에 대한 접근방법을 고찰한다. 미국 연방규제법상 감독당국인 SEC의 입장을 정리하면, ICO를 규율할 새로운 입법을 하지는 아니하고 기존의 법과 판례에 의하여 정립된 법리를 ICO 맥락에서도 적용하고 있다. 즉 ICO에 사용된 명칭이나 기술을 불문하고 그 실질상 ‘투자계약’에 해당한다면 ‘증권’으로서 연방증권법의 적용대상에 포함하여 그 규제의 기본틀에 포섭함으로써, 새로운 기술 발전에 따른 규제의 사각지대를 최소화하고 건전한 자본시장 육성과 투자자 보호라는 연방증권법의 목적을 달성하고 있다. SEC는 ICO에 관한 법리를 별도의 일반적인 유권해석이나 가이드라인의 형태로 공표하지는 아니하였다. 그러나 2017. 7. 25. 특정 사안(가상조직인 “The DAO”의 ICO)에 대한 조사보고서인 소위 “DAO 보고서”를 통하여 기존의 법원칙과 판례를 존중하면서 나름대로 관련 법리를 체계적으로 정리하였고, “DAO 보고서”가 발표된 이후 법적용 사례가 활발하게 나오고 있다. 이 글에서는 먼저 ICO의 형태를 이용한 증권사기 사건(REcoin Group, PlexCorps, AriseBank, Centra Tech, Titanium Blockchain Infrastructure, Tomahawk Exploration, Blockvest 사건 등 7건)에 대한 SEC의 제재조치를 검토한다. 그 다음에 사기적 요소는 없지만, 연방증권법상 다른 규제 측면에 저촉된 사건들에 대한 SEC의 제재조치를 분석한다. 즉 증권공모관련 정보공시규정 위반 사건(Munchee, Airfox, Paragon 사건 등 3건), 증권업자등록의무 위반 사건(TokenLot 사건), 증권거래소등록의무 위반 사건(Zachary Coburn 사건) 및 투자회사등록의무 위반 사건(Crypto Asset Management 사건)을 차례대로 살펴본다. 블록체인 등 암호화 기술의 가면을 쓴 증권사기 사건에 대한 제재조치가 주를 이루고 있지만, 증권사기와 무관한 ICO 발행시장, 나아가 ICO와 불가분의 관련을 가지는 유통시장(증권업자, 거래소 등) 및 집합투자기구에 대하여서까지 제재조치대상을 넓히고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 ICO가 가지는 국경 초월적 성격에 비추어 미국시장과 무관한 ICO는 오히려 생각하기 어렵다는 점을 감안하면, 추정되는 전체 ICO 건수 대비 SEC의 현재까지의 제재건수는 미미하다고 평가할 수도 있다. 제재대상이 되지 아니한 대다수의 ICO는 ‘증권’이 관련되지 아니하여서 연방증권법 대상이 아니라고 본 것인지, 아니면 아직 조사·집행 능력이 미치지 않기 때문인지, 아니면 정책적으로 혁신적 기술 발전의 초기 단계인 시장을 신중하게 들여다보고 있는 상태인지는 명확하지 아니하다. 현재까지 SEC의 기본적인 법적용 틀, 즉 「입법이나 공식적인 규정 없이 “DAO 보고서”에 표현된 SEC의 입장과 개별사건별 SEC의 제재조치」라는 접근방법이 앞으로도 그대로 지속될지 여부는 관심의 대상이다. ICO는 최근의 현상이어서 아직 연방대법원 판례는 찾아보기 어렵고 분석대상으로 할 수 있을 만큼 하급심 판례가 축적되지 아니한 상태이며, 현재까지 연방법원이 SEC의 대응방식에 대하여 정면으로 부정적인 반응을 보인 사례는 발견되지 않지만 앞으로 법원이 이 문제를 어떤 방식으로 풀어갈지도 주목된다. 블록체인 등 혁신적 기술의 장점을 수용하여 자본시장의 자본조달기능을 강화 내지 보완할 수 있다면 그 부작용을 최소화하면서 이를 제도권내로 수용하는 방안에 대한 진지한 고민이 필요할 것이다. 블록체인 기술 등이 시장에 소개된 것 자체가 최근의 일인데다 그 진화속도 또한 엄청나서 자금조달자측과 투자자들 사이의 정보비대칭 문제가 더욱 도드라질 수밖에 없는데, 관련업계와 시장에 충분한 법적 안정성을 제공하면서 동시에 투자자 보호 목적도 달성하여야 하는 어려운 과제를 마주하게 되었다. 미국 연방증권법은 우리나라 자본시장법과 그 규제 틀이 유사하고 ICO 시장도 전세계적으로 분리되지 아니한 상황이어서 우리 역시 이러한 과제에서 자유로울 수 없는데, 이 글이 이러한 과제를 풀어 나가는데 작으나마 밑거름이 되기를 바란다.
Abstract
In recent years, we have seen emerging digital asset technologies including blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies and, taking advantage of the new technology, initial coin offering(ICO) markets have grown rapidly. While the number and volume of the new products benefiting from these technologies increase explosively, the legal uncertainties weigh every aspect of the existing laws and legal community is confronted with urgent problems to keep step with the developments. Facing the proliferation of fraudulent activities, late last year, Korean Government has announced that it would prohibit ICO completely in whatever form without any legislation or official guidelines for application of the current securities law(so-called Capital Market Act). In this Article, the author analyzes the legal issues involving the ICOs under the federal securities laws of the United States which share the fundamental framework for regulating the securities markets with the Capital Market Act of Korea. Given the scarcity of the legal precedents in this new space, she focuses on the approaches taken by the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States(SEC). In Part II, this Article examines the Report of Investigation issued by the SEC on July 25, 2017 regarding the offer and sale of tokens by The DAO(the “DAO Report”), in which applying the Howey test to the tokens, the SEC determined that the DAO tokens constituted an investment contract and thus a security for purposes of the federal securities laws. In the DAO Report, the SEC applied the long standing securities law principles to the ICO context with respect to the public offering registration requirements and the national securities exchange registration requirements. The SEC emphasized that an ICO may involve a security depending upon the facts and circumstances including the economic realities of the transaction, regardless whether the issuing entity is a traditional company or a decentralized autonomous organization, regardless whether the tokens are purchased using a legal tender or virtual currencies, regardless whether they are distributed in a certificated form or through distributed ledger technology. Even though the DAO Report is not a legally binding law or regulation but an investigative report on a specific case, it practically works as a guideline for general application to the subsequent ICO cases that the SEC has dealt with. In Part III, the author goes through various enforcement actions that the SEC has taken since its publication of the DAO Report. She looks through (i) seven ICO scam or fraudulent schemes involving unregistered ICOs; (ii) three settled charges solely for ICO securities registration violations with no anti-fraud issue; (iii) the SEC’s first case charging unregistered broker-dealer for selling digital tokens during ICOs and also in secondary trading, after the DAO Report; (iv) the SEC’s first enforcement action based on findings that a digital token trading platform operated as an unregistered securities exchange; and (v) SEC’s first-ever enforcement action finding an investment company registration violation by a hedge fund manager based on its investments in digital assets. In Part IV, the author points out that the SEC has exercised the jurisdiction over ICOs applying the fundamental principles of the federal securities laws rather than introducing new legislation or adopting formal guidance in this area, in order to strengthen the capital market and to protect the investors in the United States. Since its publication of the DAO Report, a de facto guideline for ICOs, the SEC has taken enforcement actions actively and expanded the scope for such actions. However, the author will keep a close eye on whether the SEC will stick to its current approaches and how the federal courts will respond to the SEC’s actions.
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