Ultrasound and acoustic analyses of the English lateral
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The current work attempts to investigate Korean learners’ production of English /l/ with a closer look at articulatory and acoustic substances. Ultrasound imaging of the tongue was used to examine the coordination of the target gestures to compare articulatory differences between clear-[l] in onset and dark-[ɫ] in coda and between native speakers and Korean learners. Acoustically, F2-F1 values at midpoint of /l/ and normalized duration of /l/ were analyzed together. In the experiment, 8 Korean learners and 3 native speakers participated in ultrasound and audio recordings. Results showed that smoothing splines of the tongue mostly overlapped between onset and coda in the case of Korean learners. This suggests that Korean learners’ production of onset /l/ was not distinctive from that of coda /l/. The acoustic measures of F2-F1 were consistent with the articulatory configurations; F2-F1 values were not significantly different between onset and coda while native speakers’ F2-F1 values of onset /l/ were significantly greater than those of coda /l/. Moreover, Korean learners produced a significantly shorter /l/ in both onset and coda than native speakers. Overall Korean learners were not able to articulate the darkening gestures for coda, but they implemented clear-[l] as it occurs in coda position in Korean. The onset produced by Korean learners was significantly shorter than that of native speakers. The tongue tip raising was appropriately executed, but it seemed to be short of temporal sustainability. This suggests that Korean learners produced a tap [ɾ] rather than [l] in onset position.
Abstract
The current work attempts to investigate Korean learners’ production of English /l/ with a closer look at articulatory and acoustic substances. Ultrasound imaging of the tongue was used to examine the coordination of the target gestures to compare articulatory differences between clear-[l] in onset and dark-[ɫ] in coda and between native speakers and Korean learners. Acoustically, F2-F1 values at midpoint of /l/ and normalized duration of /l/ were analyzed together. In the experiment, 8 Korean learners and 3 native speakers participated in ultrasound and audio recordings. Results showed that smoothing splines of the tongue mostly overlapped between onset and coda in the case of Korean learners. This suggests that Korean learners’ production of onset /l/ was not distinctive from that of coda /l/. The acoustic measures of F2-F1 were consistent with the articulatory configurations; F2-F1 values were not significantly different between onset and coda while native speakers’ F2-F1 values of onset /l/ were significantly greater than those of coda /l/. Moreover, Korean learners produced a significantly shorter /l/ in both onset and coda than native speakers. Overall Korean learners were not able to articulate the darkening gestures for coda, but they implemented clear-[l] as it occurs in coda position in Korean. The onset produced by Korean learners was significantly shorter than that of native speakers. The tongue tip raising was appropriately executed, but it seemed to be short of temporal sustainability. This suggests that Korean learners produced a tap [ɾ] rather than [l] in onset position.
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