How Electroconvulsive Therapy Works?: Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms
2
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a time tested treatment modality for the management of various psychiatric disorders. There have been a lot of modifications in the techniques of delivering ECT over decades. Despite lots of criticisms encountered, ECT has still been used commonly in clinical practice due to its safety and efficacy. Research evidences found multiple neuro-biological mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of ECT. ECT brings about various neuro-physiological as well as neuro-chemical changes in the macro- and micro-environment of the brain. Diverse changes involving expression of genes, functional connectivity, neurochemicals, permeability of blood-brain-barrier, alteration in immune system has been suggested to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of ECT. This article reviews different neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of ECT.
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a time tested treatment modality for the management of various psychiatric disorders. There have been a lot of modifications in the techniques of delivering ECT over decades. Despite lots of criticisms encountered, ECT has still been used commonly in clinical practice due to its safety and efficacy. Research evidences found multiple neuro-biological mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of ECT. ECT brings about various neuro-physiological as well as neuro-chemical changes in the macro- and micro-environment of the brain. Diverse changes involving expression of genes, functional connectivity, neurochemicals, permeability of blood-brain-barrier, alteration in immune system has been suggested to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of ECT. This article reviews different neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of ECT.
참고문헌 (122)
- Sundsted KK, "Preanesthesia medical evaluation for electroconvulsive therapy : a review of the literature", J ECT, 30, pp.35~42 (2014)
- Hoirisch-Clapauch S, "Pivotal role of tissue plasminogen activator in the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy", J Psychopharmacol, 28, pp.99~105 (2014)
- Medda P, "The mood-stabilizing effects of electroconvulsive therapy", J ECT, 30, pp.275~282 (2014)
- Sadock BJ, "Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry" (2009), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Swartz CM, "A mechanism of seizure induction by electricity and its clinical implications", J ECT, 30, pp.94~97 (2014)
- Takano H, "Differences in cerebral blood flow between missed and generalized seizures with electroconvulsive therapy : a positron emission tomographic study", Epilepsy Res, 97, pp.225~228 (2011)
- Deng ZD, "Controlling stimulation strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy via current amplitude and electrode size and spacing : comparison with magnetic seizure therapy", J ECT, 29, pp.325~335 (2013)
- Enev M, "Imaging onset and propagation of ECTinduced seizures", Epilepsia, 48, pp.238~244 (2007)
- Kranaster L, "Burst suppression: a more valid marker of postictal central inhibition?", J ECT, 29, pp.25~28 (2013)
- Takano H, "Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during acute electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression : positron emission tomographic study", Br J Psychiatry, 190, pp.63~68 (2007)
- Allen P, "Resting hyperperfusion of the hippocampus, midbrain, and basal ganglia in people at high risk for psychosis", Am J Psychiatry, 173, pp.392~399 (2016)
- Hua J, "Abnormal grey matter arteriolar cerebral blood volume in schizophrenia measured with 3D inflow-based vascularspace-occupancy MRI at 7T", Schizophr Bull, 43, pp.620~632 (2017)
- Berggren Å, "A long-term follow-up of clinical response and regional cerebral blood flow changes in depressed patients treated with ECT", J Affect Disord, 167, pp.235~243 (2014)
- Hosokawa T, "Brain glucose metabolism difference between bipolar and unipolar mood disorders in depressed and euthymic states", Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33, pp.243~250 (2009)
- Suwa T, "Corticolimbic balance shift of regional glucose metabolism in depressed patients treated with ECT", J Affect Disord, 136, pp.1039~1046 (2012)
- Nobler MS, "Decreased regional brain metabolism after ect", Am J Psychiatry, 158, pp.305~308 (2001)
- Yatham LN, "A preliminary study of the effects of electroconvulsive therapy on regional brain glucose metabolism in patients with major depression", J ECT, 16, pp.171~176 (2000)
- Mervaala E, "SPECT and neuropsychological performance in severe depression treated with ECT", J Affect Disord, 66, pp.47~58 (2001)
- Bonne O, "Increased cerebral blood flow in depressed patients responding to electroconvulsive therapy", J Nucl Med, 37, pp.1075~1080 (1996)
- Andrade C, "Electroconvulsive therapy, hyper tensive surge, blood-brain barrier breach, and amnesia:exploring the evidence for a connection", J ECT, 30, pp.160~164 (2014)
- Sackeim HA, "The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on quantitative electroencephalograms. Relationship to clinical outcome", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53, pp.814~824 (1996)
- Fink M, "EEG changes with antipsychotic drugs", Am J Psychiatry, 159, pp.439~ (2002)
- Folkerts H, "The ictal electroencephalogram as a marker for the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 246, pp.155~164 (1996)
- Krystal AD, "The effects of ECT stimulus dose and electrode placement on the ictal electroencephalogram : an intraindividual crossover study", Biol Psychiatry, 34, pp.759~767 (1993)
- Wahlund B, "Seizure(Ictal)--EEG characteristics in subgroups of depressive disorder in patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)--a preliminary study and multivariate approach", Comput Intell Neurosci, 2009, pp.965209~ (2009)
- Zhao L, "Effects of modified electroconvulsive therapy on the electroencephalogram of schizophrenia patients", Springerplus, 5, pp.1063~ (2016)
- McCormick LM, "Antipsychotic effect of electroconvulsive therapy is related to normalization of subgenual cingulate theta activity in psychotic depression", J Psychiatr Res, 43, pp.553~560 (2009)
- Segi-Nishida E, "Exploration of new molecular mechanisms for antidepressant actions of electroconvulsive seizure", Biol Pharm Bull, 34, pp.939~944 (2011)
- Rosenquist PB, "The antipsychotic effects of ECT : a review of possible mechanisms", J ECT, 30, pp.125~131 (2014)
- Baldinger P, "Neurotransmitters and electroconvulsive therapy", J ECT, 30, pp.116~121 (2014)
- Dyrvig M, "Temporal gene expression profile after acute electroconvulsive stimulation in the rat", Gene, 539, pp.8~14 (2014)
- Kaneko T, "Microarray analysis of human blood during electroconvulsive therapy", J ECT, 31, pp.234~237 (2015)
- de Jong JO, "Epigenetic effects of electroconvulsive seizures", J ECT, 30, pp.152~159 (2014)
- Barreto G, "Gadd45a promotes epigenetic gene activation by repair-mediated DNA demethylation", Nature, 445, pp.671~675 (2007)
- Ma DK, "Neuronal activity-induced Gadd45b promotes epigenetic DNA demethylation and adult neurogenesis", Science, 323, pp.1074~1077 (2009)
- Jun H, "Gadd45b mediates electroconvulsive shock induced proliferation of hippocampal neural stem cells", Brain Stimul, 8, pp.1021~1024 (2015)
- Jang SS, "Seizureinduced regulations of amyloid-, step61, and step61 substrates involved in hippocampal synaptic plasticity", Neural Plast, 2016, pp.2123748~ (2016)
- Pusalkar M, "Acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures (ecs) differentially regulate the expression of epigenetic machinery in the adult rat hippocampus", Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 19, pp.pyw040~ (2016)
- Tsankova NM, "Histone modifications at gene promoter regions in rat hippocampus after acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures", J Neurosci, 24, pp.5603~5610 (2004)
- Park HG, "Repeated treatment with electroconvulsive seizures induces HDAC2 expression and down-regulation of NMDA receptor-related genes through histone deacetylation in the rat frontal cortex", Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 17, pp.1487~1500 (2014)
- Madsen TM, "Increased neurogenesis in a model of electroconvulsive therapy", Biol Psychiatry, 47, pp.1043~1049 (2000)
- Ito M, "Effects of repeated electroconvulsive seizure on cell proliferation in the rat hippocampus", Synapse, 64, pp.814~821 (2010)
- Kim Y, "Activation of Cdk2-pRB-E2F1 cell cycle pathway by repeated electroconvulsive shock in the rat frontal cortex", Biol Psychiatry, 57, pp.107~109 (2005)
- Won Je Jeon, "Repeated electroconvulsive seizure induces c-Myc down-regulation and Bad inactivation in the rat frontal cortex", Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 40(4), pp.435~444 (2008), 생화학분자생물학회
- Kondratyev A, "Electroconvulsive shock exposure prevents neuronal apoptosis after kainic acid-evoked status epilepticus", Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 91, pp.1~13 (2001)
- Nilsson JA, "Myc pathways provoking cell suicide and cancer", Oncogene, 22, pp.9007~9021 (2003)
- Brunoni AR, "BDNF blood levels after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with mood disorders : a systematic review and meta-analysis", World J Biol Psychiatry, 15, pp.411~418 (2014)
- Hu Y, "The level of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with the therapeutic efficacy of modified electroconvulsive therapy in Chinese patients with depression", J ECT, 26, pp.121~125 (2010)
- Nibuya M, "ECT for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in Basedow’s disease", J ECT, 18, pp.54~57 (2002)
- Altar CA, "Effects of electroconvulsive seizures and antidepressant drugs on brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat brain", Biol Psychiatry, 54, pp.703~709 (2003)
- Molendijk ML, "Serum BDNF concentrations as peripheral manifestations of depression : evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses on 179 associations(N=9484)", Mol Psychiatry, 19, pp.791~800 (2014)
- Polyakova M, "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antidepressive effect of electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review and meta-analyses of the preclinical and clinical literature", PLoS One, 10, pp.e0141564~ (2015)
- Rapinesi C, "Electroconvulsive therapy improves clinical manifestations of treatment-resistant depression without changing serum BDNF levels", Psychiatry Res, 227, pp.171~178 (2015)
- Gedge L, "Effects of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression", Front Psychiatry, 3, pp.12~ (2012)
- Marano CM, "Increased plasma concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with electroconvulsive therapy : a pilot study in patients with major depression", J Clin Psychiatry, 68, pp.512~517 (2007)
- Taliaz D, "Altered brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the ventral tegmental area, but not in the hippocampus, is essential for antidepressant-like effects of electroconvulsive therapy", Biol Psychiatry, 74, pp.305~312 (2013)
- Stelzhammer V, "Electroconvulsive therapy exerts mainly acute molecular changes in serum of major depressive disorder patients", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 23, pp.1199~1207 (2013)
- Kondratyev A, "The effects of repeated minimal electroconvulsive shock exposure on levels of mRNA encoding fibroblast growth factor-2 and nerve growth factor in limbic regions", Neuroscience, 114, pp.411~416 (2002)
- Newton SS, "Gene profile of electroconvulsive seizures : induction of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors", J Neurosci, 23, pp.10841~10851 (2003)
- Minelli A, "Association between baseline serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels and response to electroconvulsive therapy", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 129, pp.461~466 (2014)
- Schmidt HD, "Functional biomarkers of depression: diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology", Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, pp.2375~2394 (2011)
- Liu X, "Elevated serum levels of FGF-2, NGF and IGF-1 in patients with manic episode of bipolar disorder", Psychiatry Res, 218, pp.54~60 (2014)
- Clark-Raymond A, "VEGF and depression : a comprehensive assessment of clinical data", J Psychiatr Res, 47, pp.1080~1087 (2013)
- Lin PY, "Decreased glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression : a metaanalytic study", J Psychiatr Res, 63, pp.20~27 (2015)
- Blumberg HP, "Influence of vascular endothelial growth factor variation on human hippocampus morphology", Biol Psychiatry, 64, pp.901~903 (2008)
- Minelli A, "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor(VEGF)serum concentration during electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)in treatment resistant depressed patients", Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 35, pp.1322~1325 (2011)
- Jaumotte JD, "Comparison of GDF5 and GDNF as neuroprotective factors for postnatal dopamine neurons in ventral mesencephalic cultures", J Neurosci Res, 92, pp.1425~1433 (2014)
- Zhang X, "Electroconvulsive therapy increases glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)serum levels in patients with drug-resistant depression", Psychiatry Res, 170, pp.273~275 (2009)
- Turner CA, "Fibroblast growth factor-2:an endogenous antidepressant and anxiolytic molecule?", Biol Psychiatry, 72, pp.254~255 (2012)
- Bufalino C, "The role of immune genes in the association between depression and inflammation : a review of recent clinical studies", Brain Behav Immun, 31, pp.31~47 (2013)
- Connor TJ, "Induction of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in rat brain following a systemic inflammatory challenge:a role for IFN-gamma?", Neurosci Lett, 441, pp.29~34 (2008)
- Guloksuz S, "The impact of electroconvulsive therapy on the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway", Brain Behav Immun, 48, pp.48~52 (2015)
- Haskett RF, "Electroconvulsive therapy’s mechanism of action : neuroendocrine hypotheses", J ECT, 30, pp.107~110 (2014)
- O’Brien JT, "A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume, cortisol levels, and cognition in older depressed subjects", Am J Psychiatry, 161, pp.2081~2090 (2004)
- Edgar N, "A putative functional role for oligodendrocytes in mood regulation", Transl Psychiatry, 2, pp.e109~ (2012)
- Wennström M, "Corticosterone-induced inhibition of gliogenesis in rat hippocampus is counteracted by electroconvulsive seizures", Biol Psychiatry, 59, pp.178~186 (2006)
- Hellsten J, "Electroconvulsive seizures increase hippocampal neurogenesis after chronic corticosterone treatment", Eur J Neurosci, 16, pp.283~290 (2002)
- Lillethorup TP, "Electroconvulsive shocks decrease 2-adrenoceptor binding in the Flinders rat model of depression", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 25, pp.404~412 (2015)
- Nikisch G, "CSF monoamine metabolites and neuropeptides in depressed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy", Eur Psychiatry, 23, pp.356~359 (2008)
- Landau AM, "Electroconvulsive therapy alters dopamine signaling in the striatum of non-human primates", Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, pp.511~518 (2011)
- Kautto M, "Serotonin transporter(5-HTTLPR)and norepinephrine transporter(NET)gene polymorphisms : susceptibility and treatment response of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression", Neurosci Lett, 590, pp.116~120 (2015)
- WAY 100635, "Int J Neuropsychopharmacol", 2010, 785~791
- Lanzenberger R, "Global decrease of serotonin-1A receptor binding after electroconvulsive therapy in major depression measured by PET", Mol Psychiatry, 18, pp.93~100 (2013)
- Goto S, "Is serotonergic function associated with the antidepressant effects of modified-electroconvulsive therapy?", J Affect Disord, 136, pp.1062~1066 (2012)
- Yatham LN, "Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on brain 5-HT(2)receptors in major depression", Br J Psychiatry, 196, pp.474~479 (2010)
- Ozsoy S, "The effects of antidepressants on neuropeptide Y in patients with depression and anxiety", Pharmacopsychiatry, 49, pp.26~31 (2016)
- Altar CA, "Electroconvulsive seizures regulate gene expression of distinct neurotrophic signaling pathways", J Neurosci, 24, pp.2667~2677 (2004)
- Liu X, "FGF-2 induces neuronal death through upregulation of system xc-", Brain Res, 1547, pp.25~33 (2014)
- Sartorius A, "Elevated spectroscopic glutamate", gamma-amino butyric acid in rats bred for learned helplessness, 2007, pp.18, 1469~1473
- Hashimoto K, "Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders", Biol Psychiatry, 62, pp.1310~1316 (2007)
- Hasler G, "Reduced prefrontal glutamate", glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in major depression determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 2007, pp.64, 193~200
- Pfleiderer B, "Effective electroconvulsive therapy reverses glutamate", glutamine deficit in the left anterior cingulum of unipolar depressed patients, 2003, pp.122, 185~192
- Njau S, "Neurochemical correlates of rapid treatment response to electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depression", J Psychiatry Neurosci, 41, pp.150177~ (2016)
- Grimm S, "Region-specific glutamate changes in patients with unipolar depression", J Psychiatr Res, 46, pp.1059~1065 (2012)
- Bernard R, "Altered expression of glutamate signaling, growth factor, and glia genes in the locus coeruleus of patients with major depression", Mol Psychiatry, 16, pp.634~646 (2011)
- Duric V, "Altered expression of synapse and glutamate related genes in post-mortem hippocampus of depressed subjects", Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 16, pp.69~82 (2013)
- Beneyto M, "Lamina-specific abnormalities of AMPA receptor trafficking and signaling molecule transcripts in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia", Synapse, 60, pp.585~598 (2006)
- Dong J, "Effects of electroconvulsive therapy and propofol on spatial memory and glutamatergic system in hippocampus of depressed rats", J ECT, 26, pp.126~130 (2010)
- Michael N, "Metabolic changes within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex occurring with electroconvulsive therapy in patients with treatment resistant unipolar depression", Psychol Med, 33, pp.1277~1284 (2003)
- Lyden H, "Electroconvulsive therapy mediates neuroplasticity of white matter microstructure in major depression", Transl Psychiatry, 4, pp.e380~ (2014)
- Ota M, "Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on gray matter volume in major depressive disorder", J Affect Disord, 186, pp.186~191 (2015)
- Abbott CC, "Hippocampal structural and functional changes associated with electroconvulsive therapy response", Transl Psychiatry, 4, pp.e483~ (2014)
- Joshi SH, "Structural plasticity of the hippocampus and amygdala induced by electroconvulsive therapy in major depression", Biol Psychiatry, 79, pp.282~292 (2016)
- Cano M, "Modulation of limbic and prefrontal connectivity by electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression : a preliminary study", Brain Stimul, 9, pp.65~71 (2016)
- Jansson L, "Glial cell activation in response to electroconvulsive seizures", Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33, pp.1119~1128 (2009)
- Vaidya VA, "Hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting induced by chronic electroconvulsive seizures", Neuroscience, 89, pp.157~166 (1999)
- Hellsten J, "Electroconvulsive seizures induce angiogenesis in adult rat hippocampus", Biol Psychiatry, 58, pp.871~878 (2005)
- Dukart J, "Electroconvulsive therapy-induced brain plasticity determines therapeutic outcome in mood disorders", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111, pp.1156~1161 (2014)
- Nordanskog P, "Increase in hippocampal volume after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression : a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study", J ECT, 26, pp.62~67 (2010)
- Tendolkar I, "Electroconvulsive therapy increases hippocampal and amygdala volume in therapy refractory depression : a longitudinal pilot study", Psychiatry Res, 214, pp.197~203 (2013)
- Ten Doesschate F, "Pre-treatment amygdala volume predicts electroconvulsive therapy response", Front Psychiatry, 5, pp.169~ (2014)
- Lekwauwa RE, "Hippocampal volume as a predictor of short-term ECT outcomes in older patients with depression", Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 13, pp.910~913 (2005)
- Kaiser RH, "Large-scale network dysfunction in major depressive disorder : a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity", JAMA Psychiatry, 72, pp.603~611 (2015)
- Gudayol-Ferré E, "Changes in brain connectivity related to the treatment of depression measured through fMRI : a systematic review", Front Hum Neurosci, 9, pp.582~ (2015)
- Connolly CG, "Resting-state functional connectivity of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in depressed adolescents", Biol Psychiatry, 74, pp.898~907 (2013)
- Wang H, "Evidence of a dissociation pattern in default mode subnetwork functional connectivity in schizophrenia", Sci Rep, 5, pp.14655~ (2015)
- Kraguljac NV, "Abnormalities in large scale functional networks in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and effects of risperidone", Neuroimage Clin, 10, pp.146~158 (2015)
- Leaver AM, "Modulation of intrinsic brain activity by electroconvulsive therapy in major depression", Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 1, pp.77~86 (2016)
- Abbott CC, "Electroconvulsive therapy response in major depressive disorder : a pilot functional network connectivity resting state fMRI investigation", Front Psychiatry, 4, pp.10~ (2013)
- Argyelan M, "Subgenual cingulate cortical activity predicts the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy", Transl Psychiatry, 6, pp.e789~ (2016)
- Beall EB, "Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on brain functional activation and connectivity in depression", J ECT, 28, pp.234~241 (2012)
- Wolf RC, "Structural network changes in patients with major depression and schizophrenia treated with electroconvulsive therapy", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 26, pp.1465~1474 (2016)
