Recent Updates on Electro-Convulsive Therapy in Patients with Depression
2
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Objective Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) has been established as a treatment modality for patients with treatment-resistant depression and with some specific subtypes of depression. This narrative review intends to provide psychiatrists with the latest findings on the use of ECT in depression, devided into total eight sub-topics.Methods We searched PubMed for English-language articles using combined keywords and tried to analyze journals published from 1995–2020.Results Pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants or maintenance ECT is more effective than a placebo as prevention of recurrence after ECT. The use of ECT in treatment-resistant depression, depressed patients with suicidal risks, elderly depression, bipolar depression, psychotic depression, and depression during pregnancy or postpartum have therapeutic benefits. As possible mechanisms of ECT, the role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and other findings in the field of neurophysiology, neuro-immunology, and neurogenesis are also supported.Conclusion ECT is evolving toward reducing cognitive side effects and maximizing therapeutic effects. If robust evidence for ECT through randomized controlled studies are more established and the mechanism of ECT gets further clarified, the scope of its use in the treatment of depression will be more expanded in the future.
Abstract
Objective Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) has been established as a treatment modality for patients with treatment-resistant depression and with some specific subtypes of depression. This narrative review intends to provide psychiatrists with the latest findings on the use of ECT in depression, devided into total eight sub-topics.Methods We searched PubMed for English-language articles using combined keywords and tried to analyze journals published from 1995–2020.Results Pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants or maintenance ECT is more effective than a placebo as prevention of recurrence after ECT. The use of ECT in treatment-resistant depression, depressed patients with suicidal risks, elderly depression, bipolar depression, psychotic depression, and depression during pregnancy or postpartum have therapeutic benefits. As possible mechanisms of ECT, the role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and other findings in the field of neurophysiology, neuro-immunology, and neurogenesis are also supported.Conclusion ECT is evolving toward reducing cognitive side effects and maximizing therapeutic effects. If robust evidence for ECT through randomized controlled studies are more established and the mechanism of ECT gets further clarified, the scope of its use in the treatment of depression will be more expanded in the future.
참고문헌 (95)
- Folkerts HW, "Electroconvulsive therapy vs. paroxetine in treatment-resistant depression-a randomized study", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 96, pp.334~342 (1997)
- Avery D, "Mortality in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 33, pp.1029~1037 (1976)
- Avery D, "Suicide, attempted suicide, and relapse rates in depression", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 35, pp.749~753 (1978)
- Group UER, "Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Lancet, 361, pp.799~808 (2003)
- Fink M, "What was learned : studies by the consortium for research in ECT(CORE)1997-2011", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 129, pp.417~426 (2014)
- Yatham LN, "Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments(CANMAT)and International Society for Bipolar Disorders(ISBD)2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder", Bipolar Disord, 20, pp.97~170 (2018)
- Kellner CH, "Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression : a multisite study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy(CORE)", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, pp.1337~1344 (2006)
- Jelovac A, "Relapse following successful electroconvulsive therapy for major depression : a meta-analysis", Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, pp.2467~2474 (2013)
- Elias A, "Electroconvulsive therapy in the continuation and maintenance treatment of depression : systematic review and meta-analyses", Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 52, pp.415~424 (2018)
- Sackeim HA, "Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy : a randomized controlled trial", JAMA, 285, pp.1299~1307 (2001)
- Malhi GS, "Treatmentresistant depression: resistant to definition?", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 112, pp.302~309 (2005)
- Greenberg RM, "Electroconvulsive therapy : a selected review", Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 13, pp.268~281 (2005)
- Khalid N, "The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression : a naturalistic study", J ECT, 24, pp.141~145 (2008)
- Malhi GS, "Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders", Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 49, pp.1087~1206 (2015)
- Hoy KE, "Magnetic seizure therapy for treatment-resistant depression", Expert Rev Med Devices, 8, pp.723~732 (2011)
- Lisanby SH, "Safety and feasibility of magnetic seizure therapy(MST)in major depression : randomized within-subject comparison with electroconvulsive therapy", Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, pp.1852~1865 (2003)
- Daskalakis ZJ, "Magnetic seizure therapy(MST)for major depressive disorder", Neuropsychopharmacology, 45, pp.276~282 (2020)
- Lisanby SH, "Update on magnetic seizure therapy : a novel form of convulsive therapy", J ECT, 18, pp.182~188 (2002)
- Sharma V, "The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on suicide risk in patients with mood disorders", Can J Psychiatry, 46, pp.704~709 (2001)
- Courtet, Philippe, "Understanding Suicide from Diagnosis to Personalized Treatment" (2016), Springer
- Liang CS, "Superior anti-suicidal effects of electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar disorder and bipolar depression", Bipolar Disord, 20, pp.539~546 (2018)
- Bradvik L, "Long-term treatment and suicidal behavior in severe depression : ECT and antidepressant pharmacotherapy may have different effects on the occurrence and seriousness of suicide attempts", Depress Anxiety, 23, pp.34~41 (2006)
- Kellner CH, "Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT : a consortium for research in ECT study", Am J Psychiatry, 162, pp.977~982 (2005)
- Lin CH, "Electroconvulsive therapy versus fluoxetine in suicidal resolution for patients with major depressive disorder", J ECT, 36, pp.234~241 (2020)
- Spaans HP, "Speed of remission in elderly patients with depression : electroconvulsive therapy v. medication", Br J Psychiatry, 206, pp.67~71 (2015)
- Dols A, "Early-and late-onset depression in late life : a prospective study on clinical and structural brain characteristics and response to electroconvulsive rherapy", Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 25, pp.178~189 (2017)
- Kellner CH, "Right unilateral ultrabrief pulse ECT in geriatric depression : phase 1 of the PRIDE study", Am J Psychiatry, 173, pp.1101~1109 (2016)
- Kellner CH, "A novel strategy for continuation ECT in geriatric depression : phase 2 of the PRIDE study", Am J Psychiatry, 173, pp.1110~1118 (2016)
- Rosen BH, "Effect of age on psychiatric rehospitalization rates after electroconvulsive therapy for patients with depression", J ECT, 32, pp.93~98 (2016)
- van Schaik AM, "Efficacy and safety of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients : a systematic review", Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 20, pp.5~17 (2012)
- Kumar S, "Systematic review of cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression", Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 24, pp.547~565 (2016)
- Lisanby SH, "Neurocognitive effects of combined Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT)and venlafaxine in geriatric depression : Phase 1 of the PRIDE study", Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 28, pp.304~316 (2020)
- Meyer JP, "Electroconvulsive therapy in geriatric psychiatry : a selective review", Clin Geriatr Med, 36, pp.265~279 (2020)
- Najafi-Vosough R, "Recurrence in patients with bipolar disorder and its risk factors", Iran J Psychiatry, 11, pp.173~177 (2016)
- Vazquez G, "Comparison of antidepressant responses in patients with bipolar vs. unipolar depression : a meta-analytic review", Pharmacopsychiatry, 44, pp.21~26 (2011)
- Bahji A, "ECT beyond unipolar major depression : systematic review and meta-analysis of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar depression", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 139, pp.214~226 (2019)
- Popiolek K, "Electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar depression-effectiveness and prognostic factors", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 140, pp.196~204 (2019)
- Sienaert P, "Ultra-brief pulse ECT in bipolar and unipolar depressive disorder : differences in speed of response", Bipolar Disord, 11, pp.418~424 (2009)
- Homan S, "An efficacy study of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in the treatment of primary depression", Psychol Med, 12, pp.615~624 (1982)
- Medda P, "Response to ECT in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar depression", J Affect Disord, 118, pp.55~59 (2009)
- Dierckx B, "Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression : a meta-analysis", Bipolar Disord, 14, pp.146~150 (2012)
- Leadholm AK, "The treatment of psychotic depression: is there consensus among guidelines and psychiatrists?", J Affect Disord, 145, pp.214~220 (2013)
- Gournellis R, "Psychotic(delusional)depression and completed suicide : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Ann Gen Psychiatry, 17, pp.39~ (2018)
- Petrides G, "ECT remission rates in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depressed patients : a report from CORE", J ECT, 17, pp.244~253 (2001)
- Birkenhager TK, "One-year outcome of psychotic depression after successful electroconvulsive therapy", J ECT, 21, pp.221~226 (2005)
- Wisner KL, "Pharmacologic treatment of depression during pregnancy", JAMA, 282, pp.1264~1269 (1999)
- Dietz PM, "Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births", Am J Psychiatry, 164, pp.1515~1520 (2007)
- Hoertel N, "Are symptom features of depression during pregnancy, the postpartum period and outside the peripartum period distinct? Results from a nationally representative sample using item response theory(IRT)", Depress Anxiety, 32, pp.129~140 (2015)
- Ray-Griffith SL, "Pregnancy and electroconvulsive therapy : a multidisciplinary approach", J ECT, 32, pp.104~112 (2016)
- Rasmussen K, "The practice of electroconvulsive therapy : recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging(second edition)", J ECT, 18, pp.58~59 (2002)
- Rose S, "Electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy : safety, best practices, and barriers to care", Obstet Gynecol Surv, 75, pp.199~203 (2020)
- Bulbul F, "Electroconvulsive therapy in pregnant patients", Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 35, pp.636~639 (2013)
- Anderson EL, "ECT in pregnancy : a review of the literature from 1941 to 2007", Psychosom Med, 71, pp.235~242 (2009)
- Bulut M, "Electroconvulsive therapy for mood disorders in pregnancy", J ECT, 29, pp.e19~ (2013)
- Pompili M, "Electroconvulsive treatment during pregnancy : a systematic review", Expert Rev Neurother, 14, pp.1377~1390 (2014)
- Bergink V, "Postpartum psychosis : madness, mania, and melancholia in motherhood", Am J Psychiatry, 173, pp.1179~1188 (2016)
- Ronnqvist I, "Rehospitalization of postpartum depression and psychosis after electroconvulsive therapy : a population-based study with a matched control group", J ECT, 35, pp.264~271 (2019)
- Rundgren S, "Improvement of postpartum depression and psychosis after electroconvulsive therapy : a population-based study with a matched comparison group", J Affect Disord, 235, pp.258~264 (2018)
- Gressier F, "Postpartum electroconvulsive therapy : a systematic review and case report", Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 37, pp.310~314 (2015)
- Duthie AC, "Anticonvulsant mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy and relation to therapeutic efficacy", J ECT, 31, pp.173~178 (2015)
- Kang I, "GABAA receptor mRNAs are increased after electroconvulsive shock", Psychopharmacol Bull, 27, pp.359~363 (1991)
- Brambilla P, "GABAergic dysfunction in mood disorders", Mol Psychiatry, 8, pp.721~737 (2003)
- Knudsen MK, "Magnetic resonance(MR)spectroscopic measurement of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in major depression before and after electroconvulsive therapy", Acta Neuropsychiatr, 31, pp.17~26 (2019)
- Sanacora G, "Increased cortical GABA concentrations in depressed patients receiving ECT", Am J Psychiatry, 160, pp.577~579 (2003)
- Grimm S, "Region-specific glutamate changes in patients with unipolar depression", J Psychiatr Res, 46, pp.1059~1065 (2012)
- Njau S, "Neurochemical correlates of rapid treatment response to electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depression", J Psychiatry Neurosci, 42, pp.6~16 (2017)
- Landau AM, "Electroconvulsive therapy alters dopamine signaling in the striatum of non-human primates", Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, pp.511~518 (2011)
- Lillethorup TP, "Electroconvulsive shocks decrease alpha2-adrenoceptor binding in the Flinders rat model of depression", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 25, pp.404~412 (2015)
- Altar CA, "Electroconvulsive seizures regulate gene expression of distinct neurotrophic signaling pathways", J Neurosci, 24, pp.2667~2677 (2004)
- Yatham LN, "Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on brain 5-HT(2)receptors in major depression", Br J Psychiatry, 196, pp.474~479 (2010)
- Lanzenberger R, "Global decrease of serotonin-1A receptor binding after electroconvulsive therapy in major depression measured by PET", Mol Psychiatry, 18, pp.93~100 (2013)
- WAY 100635, "Int J Neuropsychopharmacol", 2010, 785~791
- Lehtimaki K, "Increase in plasma proinflammatory cytokines after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depressive disorder", J ECT, 24, pp.88~91 (2008)
- O’Brien JT, "A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume, cortisol levels, and cognition in older depressed subjects", Am J Psychiatry, 161, pp.2081~2090 (2004)
- Yrondi A, "Electroconvulsive therapy, depression, the immune system and inflammation : a systematic review", Brain Stimul, 11, pp.29~51 (2018)
- Takano H, "Differences in cerebral blood flow between missed and generalized seizures with electroconvulsive therapy : a positron emission tomographic study", Epilepsy Res, 97, pp.225~228 (2011)
- Takano H, "Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during acute electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression : positron emission tomographic study", Br J Psychiatry, 190, pp.63~68 (2007)
- Suwa T, "Corticolimbic balance shift of regional glucose metabolism in depressed patients treated with ECT", J Affect Disord, 136, pp.1039~1046 (2012)
- Berggren A, "A long-term followup of clinical response and regional cerebral blood flow changes in depressed patients treated with ECT", J Affect Disord, 167, pp.235~243 (2014)
- Andrade C, "Electroconvulsive therapy, hypertensive surge, blood-brain barrier breach, and amnesia : exploring the evidence for a connection", J ECT, 30, pp.160~164 (2014)
- Luan S, "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor blood levels after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depressive disorder : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Asian J Psychiatr, 51, pp.101983~ (2020)
- Brunoni AR, "BDNF blood levels after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with mood disorders : a systematic review and meta-analysis", World J Biol Psychiatry, 15, pp.411~418 (2014)
- Maffioletti E, "Genetic determinants of circulating VEGF levels in major depressive disorder and electroconvulsive therapy response", Drug Dev Res, 81, pp.593~599 (2020)
- Zhang X, "Electroconvulsive therapy increases glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)serum levels in patients with drug-resistant depression", Psychiatry Res, 170, pp.273~275 (2009)
- Kondratyev A, "The effects of repeated minimal electroconvulsive shock exposure on levels of mRNA encoding fibroblast growth factor-2 and nerve growth factor in limbic regions", Neuroscience, 114, pp.411~416 (2002)
- Chao YL, "Effects of repeated electroconvulsive shock on methamphetamine-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice", Brain Stimul, 5, pp.393~401 (2012)
- Newton SS, "Gene profile of electroconvulsive seizures : induction of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors", J Neurosci, 23, pp.10841~10851 (2003)
- Nuttall GA, "Morbidity and mortality in the use of electroconvulsive therapy", J ECT, 20, pp.237~241 (2004)
- Semkovska M, "Objective cognitive performance associated with electroconvulsive therapy for depression : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Biol Psychiatry, 68, pp.568~577 (2010)
- Loo CK, "Recent advances in optimizing electroconvulsive therapy", Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 40, pp.632~638 (2006)
- Hermida AP, "Electroconvulsive therapy in depression : current practice and future direction", Psychiatr Clin North Am, 41, pp.341~353 (2018)
- Sienaert P, "Randomized comparison of ultra-brief bifrontal and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression : clinical efficacy", J Affect Disord, 116, pp.106~112 (2009)
- Loo C, "A report on mood and cognitive outcomes with right unilateral ultrabrief pulsewidth(0. 3 ms)ECT and retrospective comparison with standard pulsewidth right unilateral ECT", J Affect Disord, 103, pp.277~281 (2007)
- Baghai TC, "The influence of concomitant antidepressant medication on safety, tolerability and clinical effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy", World J Biol Psychiatry, 7, pp.82~90 (2006)
- Amit Singh, "How Electroconvulsive Therapy Works?: Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms", Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 15(3), pp.210~221 (2017), 대한정신약물학회[DOI]
