상속 · 증여가 가구의 순자산분포에 미친 효과
The Effects of Inheritance and Gift on the Net Worth Distribution of Household
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이 논문은 3∼10차 ‘재정패널조사’를 대상으로 RIF(Recentered Influence Function) 회귀분석 방법을 사용하여 자산축적과 자산 불평등의 측면에서 상속 · 증여가 가구의 순자산분포에 미치는 효과를 분석한다. 이를 통해 밝혀진 분석 결과들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상속 · 증여 경험이 있는 가구의 순자산 규모가 그렇지 않은 가구의 그것에 비해 절대적으로 크고, 소득 및 연령 및 기타 인구 · 사회학적 변수들을 통제할 때도 그렇다. 그리고 순자산분포의 고분위로 갈수록 상속 · 증여를받은 가구의 비중이 높아진다. 둘째, 가구 순자산의 축적에서 소득 및 상속 · 증여의 역할은 중요하다. 소득의 회귀계수는 순자산 분위와 부(-)의 관계를 드러내지만, 상속 · 증여의 그것은 이와는 달리 증가하는 단조함수 형태를 보여 준다. 상속 · 증여의 자산축적 효과는 일정 정도 가구주의 인구 · 사회학적인 특성과 무관하다. 셋째, 소득과 상속 · 증여 변수는 일부 불평등지수들에 대해서 통계적으로 유의하다. 소득은 저분위에서 자산 격차를 완화하는 데에 더 효과적이다. 반면에 고자산층의 자산축적에서 상속 · 증여가 더 의미가 있으며 이는 전반적으로 불평등을 심화시키는 효과를 가진다. 마지막으로, 가구의 순자산축적과 불평등을 결정하는 데에 생애주기 모형이 작동하고 있다. 수도권 거주 효과는 순자산 분위가 높아질수록자산축적 기회를 더 많이 부여하고 또한 저자산층과 고자산층 간의 상대적인 자산격차를 완화하기도 하는 등 양면적이다. 상용직과 같은 종사상 지위는 거의 모든불평등지수에 대해 불평등 완화 효과를 가진다. 자산 불평등을 완화하기 위해서는‘누진제’적 상속 · 증여세제의 유지, 저소득층의 소득지원 및 자산 형성을 위한 공적지원, 그리고 노동시장의 여건 개선 등이 필요하다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the effects of inheritance and gift on the net wealth distribution of household in terms of wealth accumulation and inequality by using the Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regression method for the 3rd ᐨ10th ‘National Survey of Tax and Benefit’. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the net worth size of household which has received any inheritance and gift is absolutely greater than that of household which has not, and so is the case when controlling income, age and other demographic and social variables. And the higher the distribution of net worth, the higher the proportion of household that has received any inheritance and gift. Second, the role of income, inheritance and gift in the accumulation of net worth of household is important. The regression coefficients of income reveal the negative relationship with percentiles of net worth, but those of inheritance and gift show the pattern of an increasing monotonic function. The wealth accumulation effect of inheritance and gift is not related to the demographic and social characteristics of household to a certain extent. Third, the income and inheritance and gift related variables are statistically significant for some inequality indices. Income is more effective in easing the wealth gap for the lowᐨwealth percentile bracket. On the other hand, inheritance and gift are relatively more significant in the accumulation of highᐨwealth percentile bracket, which in general have the effect of deepening inequality. Finally, the life cycle hypothesis is significant to determine the net wealth accumulation and inequality of household. The effect of dwelling in the Seoul metropolitan area is ambivalent, giving more opportunities to accumulate wealth as the net worth percentiles rise, and also easing the relative wealth gap between the lowᐨ and highᐨwealth percentile brackets. Workers’ employment status, such as regular employees, has a mitigation effect on almost all inequality indices. To reduce wealth inequality, the maintenance of a ‘progressive’ inheritance and gift tax system, public assistance to ensure income and accumulate wealth for lowᐨincome people, and improved labor market conditions are needed.
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