『연방주의자 논고』에 제시된 매디슨(James Madison)의 ‘대표’에 관한 소고
Madisonian Madison: On 'Representative' in the The Federalist Papers
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제임스 매디슨(James Madison)은 미국 연방헌법의 제도적 기틀을 만든 그의 위대한 업적에도 불구하고 미국정치사에서 주목받지 못했다. 해밀턴주의나 제퍼슨주의처럼 뚜렷한 사상적 특성 없이 단지 시기별 정치적 입장변화에 따라 위 두 사람의 동료로써만 자각되었을 뿐이었다. 이 글에서는 그의 정치경력 초창기 작성한『연방주의자 논고(The Federalist Papers)』에 표현된 대표의 특성을 중심으로 기존 해밀턴주의나 제퍼슨주의 관점이 아닌 매디슨주의 매디슨을 조명하고자 한다. 결국 이 글의 목적은 표현된 대표의 특성을 통해 또 다른 매디슨주의 사상의 핵심을 추가해보고, 궁극적으로는 매디슨이 구상한 미국정치체제의 제도적 모습과 어떤 연관성을 지니는지 분석해 보는 것이다. 이 글에서 분석한 매디슨주의 대표의 가장 큰 핵심적 모습은 ‘이중성의 조화’이다. 그는 미국의 새로운 정치체제가 “전체적으로는 대중적인”정부의 형태이어야 하지만, 본질적으로는 “집합적 능력 내에서 전체 시민의 배제”라는 특성을 지녀야 한다고 생각했으며, 이런 그의 생각은 대표와 관련된 특성에서 잘 나타나 있다. 즉, 그는 당대 미국사회의 다원성의 증가를 현실적인 문제의식을 가지고 관찰하면서 개별적인 여러 영역에서 전문성을 지닌 수많은 대표가 나올 수 있음을 인정하고는 있지만, 연방정부와 헌법이라는 제도적인 문제와 관련해서는 극히 소수의 능력 있는 인물들에게만 자격이 있음을 강조하고 있다. 결론적으로 그는 매디슨주의가 가지고 있는 대립하는 특성들의 조화로움으로 인해 시기별 미국사회를 위협한 서로 다른 문제를 해결하고자 했고, 이런 이유로 항상 정치적 입장이 변화하는 것처럼 보였다. 하지만 초창기부터 가졌던 그의 이런 독특한 사상은 일관성 있게 유지되었고 헌법 등 제도적 측면의 신축성 있는 해석 등을 통해 반대되는 특성을 지닌 해밀턴과 제퍼슨의 입장을 모두 포괄할 수 있는 모습을 보였던 것뿐이었다. 대립되는 특성들의 조화로운 적용, 이는 또 하나의 매디슨주의 특성이다.
Abstract
James Madison did not receive much attention in spite of the great achievement he had accomplished in establishing the institutional basis for American federal constitution. As he has been only recognized as political colleague of Hamilton or Jefferson, depending on the change of his political position, however, his idea has been known to be rather characterless in comparison with that of ‘Hamiltonian’ or ‘Jeffersonian’. This paper aims to highlight Madison’s idea, Madisonian, focusing on the character of the ‘representative’ found in the The Federalist Paper, which he wrote in the early days of his political career, but not on Hamiltonian or Jeffersonian thought. In other words, the purpose of the paper is to discover another core of Madisonian idea through the representative character presented in his article while the ultimate goal of this paper is to analyze what relationship it has with the institutional shape of American political system that he came up with. The core of the Madisonian representative concept discussed in the paper is ‘the balance of dualism’. He thought new American political system should be in form of “public government in general sense”, while “excluding aggregate citizen in the collective ability” in its essence. The idea is well presented in the representative character. In other words, Madison admits that the existences of multiple numbers of representatives who are equipped with various professional capabilities are possible when he observes the increasing pluralism in American society with his own critical mind. On the other hand, however, he emphasize that only few capable people have the quality to govern, regarding the institutional matter, constitution. In conclusion, Madisonian tried to solve the problems which threatened American society at each phases through the balance of conflicting characteristics. That is why the idea seemed to be always changing in its political position. The distinct idea which had been maintained from earlier times have been continued consistently. If his idea seemed to be varying It is only that his idea was able to embrace somewhat contradicting ideas of Jefferson and Hamilton, through the flexible interpretation about institutions such as constitution. Harmonious application of conflicting characteristics, this is another character of Madisonian.
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