Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations
2
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Whilst archaeological evidence for many aspects of life in ancient China is well studied, there has been much less interest in ancient infectious diseases, such as intestinal parasites in past Chinese populations. Here, we bring together evidence from mummies, ancient latrines, and pelvic soil from burials, dating from the Neolithic Period to the Qing Dynasty, in order to better understand the health of the past inhabitants of China and the diseases endemic in the region. Seven species of intestinal parasite have been identified, namely roundworm, whipworm, Chinese liver fluke, oriental schistosome, pinworm, Taenia sp. tapeworm, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It was found that in the past, roundworm, whipworm, and Chinese liver fluke appear to have been much more common than the other species. While roundworm and whipworm remained common into the late 20th century, Chinese liver fluke seems to have undergone a marked decline in its prevalence over time. The iconic transport route known as the Silk Road has been shown to have acted as a vector for the transmission of ancient diseases, highlighted by the discovery of Chinese liver fluke in a 2,000 year-old relay station in northwest China, 1,500 km outside its endemic range.
Abstract
Whilst archaeological evidence for many aspects of life in ancient China is well studied, there has been much less interest in ancient infectious diseases, such as intestinal parasites in past Chinese populations. Here, we bring together evidence from mummies, ancient latrines, and pelvic soil from burials, dating from the Neolithic Period to the Qing Dynasty, in order to better understand the health of the past inhabitants of China and the diseases endemic in the region. Seven species of intestinal parasite have been identified, namely roundworm, whipworm, Chinese liver fluke, oriental schistosome, pinworm, Taenia sp. tapeworm, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It was found that in the past, roundworm, whipworm, and Chinese liver fluke appear to have been much more common than the other species. While roundworm and whipworm remained common into the late 20th century, Chinese liver fluke seems to have undergone a marked decline in its prevalence over time. The iconic transport route known as the Silk Road has been shown to have acted as a vector for the transmission of ancient diseases, highlighted by the discovery of Chinese liver fluke in a 2,000 year-old relay station in northwest China, 1,500 km outside its endemic range.
참고문헌 (38)
- Harris DR, "The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks and Herds" (1996), UCL Press
- Boulnois L, "Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road" (2005), Odyssey
- Seo M, "Sanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations", pp.150~164 (2015), Ashgate
- Mitchell PD, "The origins of human parasites : exploring the evidence for endoparasitism throughout human evolution", Int J Paleopathol, 3, pp.191~198 (2013)
- Liu L, "The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age" (2012), Cambridge University Press
- Zhang J, "Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China", Nature, 401, pp.366~368 (1999)
- Zhang J, "Ancient parasite research of pelvic soil of burials from the Jiahu site", Cultural Relics of Central China, 3, pp.86~90 (2006)
- Garcia LS, "Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology" (2009), ASM Press
- Wei YY, "Archaeoparasitological report on abdominal burial soil from the Zhengzhou Jinshui and Xinzheng Lihe cemeteries", Acta Anthropol Sin, 31, pp.415~423 (2012)
- Lei S, "The discovery of parasite eggs in an ancient corpse from Zhangguo Chu Tomb No. 1 in the Mashan brick-field of Jiangling County, Hubei", Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 1, pp.8~ (1984)
- Yang WY, "Study on the parasitology in an ancient corpse from Zhangguo Chu Tomb No. 1 in the Mashan brick-field of Jiangling County, Hubei", Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology: Med Sci, 1, pp.43~46 (1984)
- Wu ZB, "Study of an ancient corpse of the Warring States period unearthed from Tomb No. 1 at Guojiagang in Jingmen, Hubei: a comprehensive study", J Chin Electron Microscopy Soc, 4, pp.312~316 (1995)
- Yeh HY, "Early evidence for travel with infectious diseases along the Silk Road: Intestinal parasites from 2000 year-old personal hygiene sticks in a latrine at Xuanquanzhi Relay Station in China", J Archaeol Sci (2016)
- Wei O, "Internal organs of a 2100-year-old female corpse", Lancet, 2, pp.1198~ (1973)
- Wei DX, "Parasitological investigation on the ancient corpse of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from tomb no. 168 on Phoenix Hill in Jiangling county", Acta Acad Med Wuhan, 1, pp.16~23 (1981)
- Li Y, "Summary of parasitic research on corpses in China", Acta Anthropol Sin, 3, pp.407~411 (1984)
- Ziegelbauer K, "Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis", PLoS Med, 9, pp.e1001162~ (2012)
- Heinonen-Tanski H, "Human excreta for plant production", Bioresour Technol, 96, pp.403~411 (2005)
- Schmidt GD, "Foundations of Parasitology" (2006), McGraw-Hill
- Qian MB, "Clonorchiasis", Lancet, 387, pp.800~810 (2016)
- Yu SH, "First report of a national survey of the distribution of human parasites I: geographical distribution of parasites", Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 12, pp.241~247 (1994)
- Liu WQ, "Comparison of ancient and modern Clonorchis sinensis based on ITS1 and ITS2 sequences", Acta Trop, 101, pp.91~94 (2007)
- Li H, "History of the Food Culture of the Han and Tang Dynasties" (1997), Beijing Normal University Publishing Group
- Yu B, "The golden age of Chinese feasting: antiquities from a Mawangdui tomb and the culinary culture of the Han Dynasty", Collectors, 17, pp.35~42 (2010)
- Hou Z, "On the pig culture of the Han Dynasty written on bamboo and silk slips", Ancient and Modern Agriculture, 92, pp.47~52 (2012)
- Li R, "Funeral Customs of the Han Dynasty" (2003), Shenyang Press
- Liu P, "History of Chinese chop suey", Quarterly of the Foundation of Chinese Dietary Culture, 10, pp.23~28 (2004)
- HPM, "Tomb #1 of Mawangdui at Changsha, Han Dynasty" (1973), Cultural Relics Press
- HPM, "Brief report on the excavation Tombs #2 and # 3 of Mawangdui, Han Dynasty", Cultural Relics, 7, pp.39~111 (1974)
- Jiang H, "Discussion of dietary culture of the Han Dynasty from archaeological data", Chin Cuisine Res, 12, pp.17~22 (1995)
- Bonavia J, "The Silk Road from Xi'an to Kashgar" (2004), Odyssey
- Schmid BV, "Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 112, pp.3020~3025 (2015)
- Monot M, "Comparative genomic and phylogeographic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae", Nat Genet, 41, pp.1282~1289 (2009)
- Simonson TS, "Bacillus anthracis in China and its relationship to worldwide lineages", BMC Microbiol, 9, pp.71~ (2009)
- Morelli G, "Yersinia pestis genome sequencing identifies patterns of global phylogenetic diversity", Nat Genet, 42, pp.1140~1143 (2010)
- Wagner DM, "Yersinia pestis and the plague of Justinian 541-543 AD : a genomic analysis", Lancet Infect Dis, 14, pp.319~326 (2014)
- Yeh HY, "Human intestinal parasites from a Mamluk Period cesspool in the Christian quarter of Jerusalem : potential indicators of long distance travel in the 15th century AD", Int J Paleopathol, 9, pp.69~75 (2015)
- Reinhard KJ, "California : Archaeoparasitology of the Caltrans District headquarters", J Parasitol, 94, pp.300~303 (2008)