Abundance of Veillonella spp. does not Reflect Salivary Nitrite Production after Nitrate Ingestion
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Veillonella spp. have been reported to be the most prevalent nitrate-reducing bacterial species in the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the abundance of Veillonella spp. and nitrite production after nitrate ingestion. Bacterial samples were obtained from the tongue surfaces of 50 university students. The predominant Veillonella spp., V. atypica, V. dispar, and V. rogosae were identified and enumerated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Salivary nitrate and nitrite were measured before and 30, 60, and 90 min after ingestion of 100 ml of beetroot juice. Increased nitrite concentrations were observed in all participants, with a mean increase of 0.61 (0.42–1.10) mM expressed as the median (interquartile range). Veillonella atypica was detected in 40 subjects (80%), V. dispar in 48 (96%), and V. rogosae in 48 (96%), at quantities ranging from 1.3 × 102 to 2.8 × 107 CFU/ml per subject. The strengths of the correlations of the log colony forming unit (CFU) values of V. atypica, V. dispar, V. rogosae, and the log CFU value of the three species together with the increase in nitrite levels were 0.091, 0.114, −0.228, and 0.060, respectively, none of which were significant (p > 0.05). Our results indicate that the abundance of Veillonella spp. is not related to salivary nitrite production after nitrate ingestion.
Abstract
Veillonella spp. have been reported to be the most prevalent nitrate-reducing bacterial species in the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the abundance of Veillonella spp. and nitrite production after nitrate ingestion. Bacterial samples were obtained from the tongue surfaces of 50 university students. The predominant Veillonella spp., V. atypica, V. dispar, and V. rogosae were identified and enumerated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Salivary nitrate and nitrite were measured before and 30, 60, and 90 min after ingestion of 100 ml of beetroot juice. Increased nitrite concentrations were observed in all participants, with a mean increase of 0.61 (0.42–1.10) mM expressed as the median (interquartile range). Veillonella atypica was detected in 40 subjects (80%), V. dispar in 48 (96%), and V. rogosae in 48 (96%), at quantities ranging from 1.3 × 102 to 2.8 × 107 CFU/ml per subject. The strengths of the correlations of the log colony forming unit (CFU) values of V. atypica, V. dispar, V. rogosae, and the log CFU value of the three species together with the increase in nitrite levels were 0.091, 0.114, −0.228, and 0.060, respectively, none of which were significant (p > 0.05). Our results indicate that the abundance of Veillonella spp. is not related to salivary nitrite production after nitrate ingestion.
참고문헌 (25)
- McKnight GM, "Dietary nitrate in man: friend or foe?", Br. J. Nutr, 81, pp.349~358 (1999)
- Eisenbrand G, "Nitrate and nitrite in saliva", Oncology, 37, pp.227~231 (1980)
- Doel JJ, "Evaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity", Eur. J. Oral Sci, 113, pp.14~19 (2005)
- Bos PM, "The reproducibility of the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in human saliva after a nitrate load", Food Chem. Toxicol, 26, pp.93~97 (1988)
- Larsen FJ, "Dietary nitrate reduces resting metabolic rate : arandomized, crossover study in humans", Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 99, pp.843~850 (2014)
- Mitsui T, "Salivary nitrate-nitrite conversion capacity after nitrate ingestion and incidence of Veillonella spp. in elderly individuals", J. Oral Sci, 60, pp.405~410 (2018)
- Duncan C, "Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosalivary circulation of dietary nitrate", Nat. Med, 1, pp.546~551 (1995)
- Jonvik KL, "Nitrate-rich vegetables increase plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and lower blood pressure in healthy adults", J. Nutr, 146, pp.986~993 (2016)
- Sobko T, "Dietary nitrate in Japanese traditional foods lowers diastolic blood pressure in healthy volunteers", Nitric Oxide, 22, pp.136~140 (2010)
- Doel JJ, "Protective effect of salivary nitrate and microbial nitrate reductase activity against caries", Eur. J. Oral Sci, 112, pp.424~428 (2004)
- Mitsui T, "Salivary nitrate and nitrite may have antimicrobial effects on Desulfovibrio species", Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem, 77, pp.2489~2491 (2013)
- Dykhuizen RS, "Helicobacter pylori is killed by nitrite under acidic conditions", Gut, 42, pp.334~337 (1998)
- Hezel MP, "The oral microbiome and nitric oxide homoeostasis", Oral Dis, 21, pp.7~16 (2015)
- Hyde ER, "Metagenomic analysis of nitratereducing bacteria in the oral cavity : implications for nitric oxide homeostasis", PLoS One, 9, pp.e88645~ (2014)
- Mashima I, "The distribution and frequency of oral Veillonella spp. in the tongue biofilm of healthy young adults", Curr. Microbiol, 63, pp.403~407 (2011)
- Beighton D, "The predominant cultivable Veillonella spp. of the tongue of healthy adults identified using rpoB sequencing", Oral Microbiol. Immunol, 23, pp.344~347 (2008)
- Mashima I, "Veillonella infantium sp. nov., an anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative coccus isolated from tongue biofilm of a Thai child", Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol, 68, pp.1101~1106 (2018)
- Igarashi E, "Identification of oral species of the genus Veillonella by polymerase chain reaction", Oral Microbiol. Immunol, 24, pp.310~313 (2009)
- Rudbeck L, "Rapid, simple alkaline extraction of human genomic DNA from whole blood, buccal epithelial cells, semen and forensic stains for PCR", Biotechniques, 25, pp.588~590 (1998)
- Marchandin H, "Intra-chromosomal heterogeneity between the four 16S rRNA gene copies in the genus Veillonella : implications for phylogeny and taxonomy", Microbiology, 149, pp.1493~1501 (2003)
- Govoni M, "The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash", Nitric Oxide, 19, pp.333~337 (2008)
- Evans JD, "Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences", pp.1996, Brooks
- Roszak DB, "Metabolic activity of bacterial cells enumerated by direct viable count", Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 53, pp.2889~2893 (1987)
- Burleigh MC, "Salivary nitrite production is elevated in individuals with a higher abundance of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria", Free Radic. Biol. Med, 120, pp.80~88 (2018)
- Cavanaugh SE, "Direct PCR amplification of forensic touch and other challenging DNA samples : A review", Forensic Sci. Int. Genet, 32, pp.40~49 (2018)