Investigation of Microbial Composition in Sacbrood Virus-Infected Apis cerana Honey
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Honey is a sweet and nutritious food produced by honeybees and serves as a significant route for contamination, spreading many microorganisms, particularly pathogens, that can affect the health of both honeybees and the consumers. Sacbrood Disease (SD) is one of the most dangerous honeybee diseases, caused by sacbrood virus (SBV), which can affect honeybee health and honey production. This study investigated the bacterial composition in honey produced by SBV-infected Apis cerana using next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, pathogenic bacterial isolates from the honey samples were isolated and characterized. The results revealed that the microbial composition of SBVinfected A. cerana honey was dominated by two main bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria (81.65%) and Firmicutes (11.72%). Among the 106 bacterial species identified in the honey samples, some potential human and animal pathogens were found in considerable abundances, including Achromobacter xylosoxidans (20%) and Ochrobactrum intermedium (5%). Additionally, various environmental bacteria and honeybee symbionts were detected, including the Bartonella apis group (13.4%), the Rosenbergiella nectarea group (5.75%), Apibacter mensalis (2.2%), the Gilliamella apicola group (1.6%), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (5.38%). The antibiotic sensitivity analysis revealed that, while eight Achromobacter isolates exhibited sensitivity to most of the tested antibiotics, they all demonstrated resistance to gentamicin, a commonly used antibiotic in Vietnamese beekeeping practices. These findings suggest that SBV infection may facilitate the colonization of potential pathogenic and environmental bacteria in honey produced by SBV infected A. cerana colonies. Our study offers valuable insights into the management of honeybee diseases and the improvement of honey quality control.
Abstract
Honey is a sweet and nutritious food produced by honeybees and serves as a significant route for contamination, spreading many microorganisms, particularly pathogens, that can affect the health of both honeybees and the consumers. Sacbrood Disease (SD) is one of the most dangerous honeybee diseases, caused by sacbrood virus (SBV), which can affect honeybee health and honey production. This study investigated the bacterial composition in honey produced by SBV-infected Apis cerana using next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, pathogenic bacterial isolates from the honey samples were isolated and characterized. The results revealed that the microbial composition of SBVinfected A. cerana honey was dominated by two main bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria (81.65%) and Firmicutes (11.72%). Among the 106 bacterial species identified in the honey samples, some potential human and animal pathogens were found in considerable abundances, including Achromobacter xylosoxidans (20%) and Ochrobactrum intermedium (5%). Additionally, various environmental bacteria and honeybee symbionts were detected, including the Bartonella apis group (13.4%), the Rosenbergiella nectarea group (5.75%), Apibacter mensalis (2.2%), the Gilliamella apicola group (1.6%), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (5.38%). The antibiotic sensitivity analysis revealed that, while eight Achromobacter isolates exhibited sensitivity to most of the tested antibiotics, they all demonstrated resistance to gentamicin, a commonly used antibiotic in Vietnamese beekeeping practices. These findings suggest that SBV infection may facilitate the colonization of potential pathogenic and environmental bacteria in honey produced by SBV infected A. cerana colonies. Our study offers valuable insights into the management of honeybee diseases and the improvement of honey quality control.