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Abstract

For a long time, the study of Balhae roof tile was concentrated on roof-end tiles. on the other hand there were not enough works on plain tiles due to the limitations of the approach of primary source. Recently we had opportunities to see directly plain tiles excavated in Kopyto temple and Abrikos temple at the Museum of Far Eastern Federal University and Arsenyev Museum of History locaetd in Vladivostok. Therefore, in this article we draw characteristics of plain tiles of Balhae discovered in Vladivostok by conducting type analysis on 71 roof plain tiles excavated in Kopyto temple and 22 roof plain tiles excavated in Abrikos, and referring to the literature, which is related to Korsakovka temple, Borisovka temple and Kraskino temple, reported in Korea. In order to implement type analysis of plain tiles, at first we divided them into three types, convex, concave roofing tiles and specific roofing tiles. After that, to observe plain tiles, we studied important attributes which are outer pattern, mould, form of clay, direction of roof tile cutting, trace of fixed garment by using cut garment or string, bottom and upper side modification, inner modification, bottom side decoration etc. As a result we found several features of Balhae plain tiles in Primorye Region. First, we can see bottom side decoration at all of the target sites. Depending on sites there are finger press pattern, circle tube pattern, hole pattern and flower pattern together or just one kind of bottom side decoration. Before Balhae period, finger press pattern decorated the most part of bottom side on the outside, but finger press pattern made in Balhae decorated inner side as well or both sides together. Moreover its’ rate is much higher than the former period. Especially circle tube, hole and flower patterns have been found only in Balhae sites. Therefore it is clear that they are special characteristics of Balhae roof tiles. Second, some intentionally rubbed traces of edges of molding form on the inner side of concave tiles are observed. They weren’t found anywhere more in any time. Third, mould made of tied wood pieces was used to form concave tiles. The width of wood pieces is between 2 and 3㎝, and it is hard to find traces that connect each wood pieces. It is the same characteristic as Goguryeo concavet iles. Forth, marks for the division are observed rarely, these are a chopstick-type and a string-type through bottom and upper side whereas there aren’t a bump-type marks. Fifth, outer pattern are removed on both convex and concave roofing tiles. Although there are a few concave roof tiles with remained straw-rope pattern in Kraskino and Borisovka temple, mostly outer patterns were smoothed after beating the outer side of roofing tiles by beating plate made of straw-rope. Exceptionally only one concave roofing tile excavated in Kopyto temple has grid pattern beat so occasionally grid pattern beating was also used. Sixth, in all occasions when form of clay was identified clay bands were used. Both convex and concave roofing tiles were basically manufactured by method of horizontal ring-building and we also know that in Abrikos temple the method of coiling in diagonal direction was used. Seventh, at the upper point about 4~7㎝ apart from bottom section of concave roofing tiles, trace of fixed garment by using cut garment or horizontal string is clearly observed. It is the trace of tie with a tearing garmen mt ade at the bottom after covering a mould from the top. Traces of a garment with two ends sewed together refer to Hapcheolheun. Eighth, various forms of convex roofing tiles were manufactured. Furrowed roofing tiles with protrusion or without protrusion get a majority, and non-furrowed roofing tiles with protrusion or without it are rarely checked. We think that the convex roofing tiles furrowed in the tail section belong exclusively to Balhae culture. Ninth, besides general convex and concave roofing tiles, were found various types of specific roofing tiles such as back crooked roof tile, ligulate roof tile, almost cut roof tile, concave tile in half, corner tile roof, thin roof tile and holey roof tile. Some of these types were also excavated in Goguryeo sites. So we consider that these special roofing tiles follow the tradition of Goguryeo.