미국의 초･중등 체육 교과과정 개혁 방향에 관한 담론
A discussion on curriculum reform for elementary and secondary physical education in the United States
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 미국의 학교체육 교육과정의 실행양상과 그 시행과정에서 발생한 문제점을 고찰하고, 체육이 학교문화 사이에서 적절한 교과목으로서 자리매김하기 위한 올바른 개혁 방향을 논의하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 1990년대 이후, 미국의 학교체육 분야는 지역화된 교육과정 접근방식의 오랜 전통을 기반으로 하여 ‘표준’의 개념을 도입하였다. 폭넓은 의미로 정의된 체육교과 학습표준의 특성은 지역 및 교사 자율성을 허용하였던 반면, 이는 또한 주와 지역들을 가로질러 매우 이질적인 형태의 표준기반교육 프로그램의 형성을 초래하였다. 체육이 독립적인 학교 교과로서의 신뢰를 유지하기 위해 보다 일관성 있고 체계적인 변화가 필요한 시점이다. 하지만 사회경제적으로, 문화적으로, 그리고 지역적으로 다양한 미국 고유의 학습환경에서 국가 수준의 획일적인 교과과정의 도입은 그리 적절한 개혁 방향으로 보이지 않는다. 인종/민족 집단 및 사회경제적 계층 간 분열, 국가 개혁에 대한 지역 주체들의 반감 및 저항, 그리고 합법적 지식의 권력 재생산 등의 다양한 이념적 문제를 일으킬 소지가 있다. 획일적인 개혁안을 통해 체육교과 교육과정의 완전한 변모를 꾀하기보다는, 현행 표준중심교육의 개정을 통해 학교체육 프로그램을 개선해 나아가야 할 것으로 사료된다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to describe current curricular practices and issues in elementary and secondary physical education (PE) in the United States (US) and discusses desirable reform directions for K-12 PE to be supported as a relevant subject within school cultures. Since the 1990s, the area of PE has adopted the concept of standards based on the longstanding tradition of a localized curricular approach. The nature of broad PE standards allowed for local flexibility and teacher autonomy while it also has resulted in a number of disparate standards-based programs across states and local school districts. System-wide change for the school PE curriculum is needed to secure credibility as an independent school subject. The introduction of a standardized national curriculum, however, does not seem advisable in the socioeconomically, culturally, and locally diverse US’ learning context. It could prompt diverse ideological issues such as divisions among racial/ethnic groups and among socioeconomic classes, the resistance and anti-sentiment of local entities to change, and a hegemony of legitimate knowledge. Curriculum reform for school PE would have to be initiated in a light touch manner for the current standards-based model, but not total standardization for curricula.
참고문헌 (41)
- "2025년, 포용과 성장의 고교 교육 구현 고교학점제 종합 추진계획 발표" (2021), 교육부[URL]
- 신경희, "미국 초등 교사들을 통해 본 교육과정 자율적 운영에 관한 인식 및 관점", 학습자중심교과교육연구, 19(23), pp.1~21 (2019), 학습자중심교과교육학회[DOI]
- Apple, M. W, "Cultural politics and education" (1996), Teachers College Press
- Apple, M. W, "Cultural politics and education", pp.22~41 (1996), Teachers College Press
- Apple, M. W, "Ideology and curriculum" (2018), Routledge Falmer
- Apple, M. W., "The politics of the textbook" (1991), Teachers College Press
- "About the standards" (2022)[URL]
- Darling-Hammond, L., "Race, inequality and educational accountability: The irony of ‘No Child Left Behind’", Race, Ethnicity and Education, 10(3), pp.245~260 (2007)
- Darling-Hammond, L, "Getting teacher evaluation right: What really matters for effectiveness and improvement" (2013), Teachers College Press
- Doolittle, S., "Profiles of change: Lessons for improving high school physical education", Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 85(3), pp.27~31 (2014)
- Ewert, A., "Outdoor adventure education: Foundations, theory, and research" (2014), Human Kinetics
- Hastie, P. A., "A review of research on sport education : 2004 to the present", Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 16(2), pp.167~177 (2011)
- Hellison, D, "Student learning in physical education: Applying research to enahnce instruction", pp.241~254 (2003), Human Kinetics
- Humphries, C., "Elementary physical education and the national standards", Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 73(5), pp.42~45 (2002)
- Hursh, D., "High-stakes testing and the decline of teaching and learning: The real crisis in education" (2008), Rowman & Littlefield
- Killian, C. M., "Physical education and best practices in primary schools", pp.403~413 (2017), Pensa MultiMedia
- Lewis, S., "Standards without standardization? Assembling standards-based reforms in Australian and US schooling", Journal of Education Policy, 35(6), pp.737~764 (2020)
- Manna, P, "Collision course: Federal education policy meets state and local realities" (2011), CQ Press
- McKenzie, T. L, "Student learning in physical education:Applying research to enhance instruction", pp.207~226 (2003), Human Kinetics
- Mitchell, S. A., "Teaching sport concepts and skills: A tactical games approach for age 7 to 18" (2013), Human Kinetics
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education, "Moving into the future: National standards for physical education", National Association for Sport and Physical Education, ~ (1995)
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education, "Moving into the future: National standards for physical education", National Association for Sport and Physical Education, ~ (2004)
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education, "PE Metrics: Accessing national standards 1-6 in elementary school", National Association for Sport and Physical Education, ~ (2010)
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education, "PE Metrics : Accessing national standards 1-6 in secondary school", National Association for Sport and Physical Education, ~ (2011)
- Oh, J., "National curriculum for physical education in the United States", Quest, 69, pp.220~235 (2017)
- Oh, J., "Physical education teacher education leaders’ perceptions on a national curriculum in physical education", Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90, pp.362~376 (2019)
- Oh, J., "Assessment of the feasibility of a national curriculum for improving the quality of physical education in the United States", Quest, 74(1), pp.37~57 (2022)
- Rentner, D., "Common Core State Standards in 2014: Curriculum and professional development at the district level", Center on Education Policy, ~ (2014)
- Rhodes, J, "An education in politics: The origins and evolution of No Child Left Behind" (2012), Cornell University Press
- Rink, J. E., "Measuring teacher effectiveness in physical education", Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84(4), pp.407~418 (2013)
- Rink, J. E., "Teacher effectiveness in physical education-Consensus?", Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85(3), pp.282~286 (2014)
- Savage, G. C., "Who’s steering the ship? National curriculum reform and reshaping of Australian federalism", Journal of Education Policy, 31(6), pp.833~850 (2016)
- Savage, G. C., "National agendas in global times : Curriculum reforms in Australia and the USA since the 1980s", Journal of Education Policy, 30(5), pp.609~630 (2015)
- Schapiro, R. A, "The future of Australian federalism: Comparative and interdisciplinary", pp.141~156 (2012), Cambridge University Press
- Sleeter, C. E, "Un-standardizing curriculum" (2005), Teachers College Press
- Society of Health and Physical Educators(SHAPE)America, "National standards and grade-level outcomes for K-12 physical education", Society of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE) America, ~ (2013)
- "National physical education standards" (2022)[URL]
- "Standards" (2022)[URL]
- 2016 Shape of the nation report: Status of physical education in the USA, "Society of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE) America", SHAPE America, ~ (2016)
- "The small universe of New York cricket" (2015)[URL]
- Zieff, S. G., "NASPE sets the standards: 35 years of national leadership in sport and physical education", Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 80(8), pp.46~48 (2009)