한국 개신교사에 나타난 헤게모니적 남성성 연구

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to investigate the nature of hegemonic masculinity in Korean Protestantism by accepting Men's Studies and Masculinity Studies. The hegemonic masculinity of Korean Protestantism can be divided into three periods. The first is from the late 19th and early 20th century. Protestantism in this period introduced two forms of masculinity, emphasizing the disconnection from traditional masculinity formed on a Confucian basis. One is masculinity based on the 'civilization' discourse, which was mainly introduced through Western missionaries. This masculinity, which is closely related to the Victorian sexual purity ideology, condemned the traditional masculinity of Korean society as barbarism and lewdness. Therefore, an early marriage and concubine, the devices of Confucian male making, were pointed out as representative practices that ruined the country. The other was based on the 'patriotism' discourse and was mainly produced by male leaders of the Korean church. This masculinity related to wealth and strength defined 'strength' as ideal masculinity. Here, the judge God, the salvation hero in the Bible, and the national hero in history appear as the main models. The second is the period of industrialization. Protestantism during this period set warrior masculinity as hegemonic masculinity. Anti-communism based on the logic of the Cold War and the ideology of growth based on developmental dictatorship were the main foundations of masculinity production. Industrial design posters and anti-communist posters showed the iron masculinity stained with sweat and blood. If patriotism and “our company” centrism produced "Taegeuk Warriors," "Anti-Communist Warriors," and "Export Warriors," "Our Church" centrism became a device for producing "spiritual warriors." These three strengthened the hegemonic masculinity of this period as they were interconnected. The third is the post-industrial era. This is an era in which livelihood models of the industrial era no longer work. Therefore, marriage forms or date culture of sharing the economic burden with each other spread, and the MZ generation, which prefers double-income, emerged. At the same time, the 'subjects' of the industrial era were also replaced by 'citizens' based on individual autonomy, and 'citizen masculinity' emerged in the process. Civil masculinity that respects difference and diversity is cracking hegemonic masculinity, paying attention to the rights of marginalized men in the male society. In the church, civil saints who have been baptized by democratization have emerged, challenging the authoritarian practices and culture of churches. Their masculinity is differentiated from military masculinity linked to the spiritual warrior model. The church's father re-education programs, such as DURANNO FATHER SCHOOL and Abba Love School, are representative devices that produce moderate masculinity such as affection and consideration.