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뇌과학 분야 기능적 연결체학의 발전 : 외상후스트레스장애를 중심으로

Advances in Functional Connectomics in Neuroscience : A Focus on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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참고문헌

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주제분류정신과학

초록

외상후스트레스장애(post-traumatic stress disorder, 이하PTSD)는 극심한 외상사건에 노출된 이후 재경험, 회피, 과각성 증상 등이 나타나는 질환이다.1) 전 인구 중 약 50%가 일생동안 한 번 이상의 극심한 정신적 외상사건에 노출되며,2) 그중 약 7% 정도에서 PTSD가 발병하는 것으로 알려져 있다.3) PTSD는 대뇌피질과 변연계 간에 기능적 네트워크의 손상에의한 것으로 제안되고 있다.4-8) 그 동안의 뇌영상 연구에서는주로 공포 지각 및 반응과 관련이 있는 편도체(amygdala)와내측전전두피질(medial prefrontal cortex, 이하 mPFC), 섬엽(insula), 전대상피질(anterior cingulate cortex, 이하 ACC), 그리고 해마(hippocampus) 사이의 회로에서 이상이 발견되었다.9-14) 이 때문에 공포 반응 조절의 손상, 위협 관련 자극에 대한 지나친 주의, 그리고 외상사건에 대한 편향된 기억을갖게 되는 것으로 알려져 있다.15) 편도체는 위협과 모호한 상황을 평가하는 데에 중요한 역할을 하는데, PTSD 환자에서는 과활성화로 인해 외상 관련 자극에 대해서 과잉 각성을유발할 수 있다.16)17) 동시에 외상 관련 자극이나 정서적 자극에 대해 mPFC에서는 활성이 감소한다.17) 한편, 해마는 공포조건화에서 맥락적 정보를 입력(encode)하는데,18) PTSD 환자에서는 비정상적으로 강화된 외상 관련 기억들로 인해 외부 자극을 과잉 일반화하여 안전한 맥락에서도 위협을 지각하게 한다.19) 이와 같이 PTSD의 병태생리와 밀접히 연관된 뇌특정 영역들이 점차 밝혀지면서, 이들 영역 사이의 상호작용을 규명하는 것이 향후 중요한 과제로 대두되고 있다. 구체적으로, 뇌 속 다양한 네트워크들 사이의 연결 관계를 분석함으로써 PTSD의 병인 모델을 보완할 수 있으며, 진단의 타당성과 신뢰도를 개선하고, 개입 방법에도 새로운 단서를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.20) 최근 뇌를 구성하는 신경 요소들과 그들 간의 연결성에 대한 지도, 즉 연결체(connectome)를 미시적 수준에서부터 거시적 수준까지 규명하고자 하는 연결체학(connectomics) 연구21)가 대두되었다. 이는 뇌에 대한 기초 연구뿐만 아니라, 임상 연구에서도 뇌 질환의 원인, 발현, 발달 궤도 및 예후에 대한 예측에 중요한 단서를 제공해 줄 것으로 기대되고 있다. 특히 비침습적인 뇌영상 기술의 발전으로 살아있는 뇌의 거시적인 연결성을 밝히려는 연구가 뇌 네트워크에 대한 새로운 통찰을 제공하고 있다. 연결체라는 용어는 처음에는 뇌의물리적인 회로를 설명하기 위해 사용되었고, 초창기의 연구들도 구조적 연결체에 초점을 맞추어 왔다. 하지만 최근에는구조적 연결체에 비해 더 상태 의존적으로 변화하는 기능적연결체까지 포함되는 개념으로 의미가 확장되었다.22) 또한 연결체학 연구는 정상인의 구조적, 기능적 네트워크를 규명하는 것을 넘어서서, 다양한 뇌질환에 대한 임상 연구에도 응용되고 있다. 본 논문은 뇌영상을 이용한 기능적 연결체학에 초점을 맞추어 주요 개념과 연구 방법을 정리하고, 이를 적용한 PTSD 연구들을 살펴본 후, 향후 과제와 발전 방향을 제시하고자 한다

Abstract

Recent breakthroughs in functional neuroimaging techniques have launched the quest of mapping the connections of the human brain, otherwise known as the human connectome. Imaging connectomics is an umbrella term that refers to the neuroimaging techniques used to generate these maps, which recently has enabled comprehensive brain mapping of network connectivity combined with graph theoretic methods. In this review, we present an overview of the key concepts in functional connectomics. Furthermore, we discuss articles that applied task-based and/or resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine network deficits in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These studies have provided important insights regarding the etiology of PTSD, as well as the overall organization of the brain network. Advances in functional connectomics are expected to provide insight into the pathophysiology and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.

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