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경두개 직류 자극-정신과적 활용과 현황

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Psychiatric Application and Its Current Status

김도형|KIM PYUNGKYU
대한생물정신의학회 (The Korean Society Of Biological Psychiatry)|2017.11|생물정신의학 (Journal of Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry)|제24권 제4호|pp. 175-187|DOI 10.22857/kjbp.2017.24.4.002

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경두개 직류 자극·정신과적 장애·주요 우울장애· 신경조절술.
주제분류정신과학

초록

최근 급진적인 신경과학 발달로 신경조절술(neuromodulation) 은 물리적 자극을 주는 다양한 방법을 이용하게 되었다.1)2) 본 기술은 크게 인체에 자극 장치를 삽입하는 침습적(invasive) 방식과 장치를 따로 삽입하지 않고 인체 외부에서 자극을 주는 비-침습적(non-invasive) 방식으로 나뉘어진다. 본태성 진전(essential tremor)이나 파킨슨병(Parkinson’s disease) 환자를 대상으로 침습적인 전기 자극(electric stimulation) 을 사용하는 뇌심부자극술(deep brain stimulation, 이하 DBS), 자기장(magnetic field)을 이용하는 비-침습적 경두개 자기 자극술(transcranial magnetic stimulation, 이하TMS), 초음파(ultrasound)를 이용한 기능적 신경외과 수술(functional neurosurgery)과 신경조절술 등 나날이 발전해 나가고 있다.2-5) 정신과 영역에서는 전통적으로 약물요법(pharmacotherapy) 과 정신요법(psychotherapy)을 주로 이용하였다.6) 최근 TMS 나 전기경련요법(electroconvulsive therapy, 이하 ECT)을 이용하여 기존의 방법으로 처치하기 어려운 약물 저항성 환자를대상으로 하는 치료법이 다양해지고 있다.7)8) 특히, 정신과 치료에 대한 저항성이 있는 환자나 약물 치료에 부담감이 큰 임산부 환자까지 그 대상의 범위도 확대되어 가고 있다.9)10) 국내에서는 2016년을 기준으로 우울증 환자를 위한 인지 능력 개선과 뇌졸중 환자의 재활 치료용 승인 장비의 도입이 이루어지고 있으며, 많은 그룹에서 연구적 목적과 임상 승인을 위해서 경두개 직류 자극(transcranial direct current stimulation, 이하 TDCS) 사용이 확대되어 가는 중이다(NCT02320 890, NCT02657980). 유럽 일부 국가에서는 CE 인증을 통한 우울증, 뇌졸중, 중독, 편두통, 불안과 같이 다양한 적응증에대한 승인을 받은 상태이며, 허가받은 적응증을 대상으로 임상필드에서 활발히 사용되어지고 있다.11) TDCS는 패치 형태의 양극(anodal electrode)과 음극(cathodal electrode)을 두피에 부착하고, 비-침습적으로 일정한전류(electric current)를 흐르게 하여, 뇌 활동에 영향을 주는뇌 자극(brain stimulation) 방법이다.12) 본 종설에서는 TDCS 기술에 대한 원리와 장단점을 소개하며, TDCS 기술을 활용한 대표적인 정신과 질환에 대한 최근까지의 연구결과와 치료 및 개선 원리에 대해 다뤄 보고자 한다.

Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is a clinically safe and effective method of delivering weak electric current to modulate cortical activities. And based on the cumulating scientific evidences, the method is recommended to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. In this paper, we review the development of TDCS in the rising field of neuromodulation. Then with suggested biochemical and physical mechanism of TDCS, we summarize the reported cases of using TDCS to alleviate major neuropsychiatric disorders. And, in particular, the treatment of MDD is highlighted as an illustrative example of using TDCS. We discuss here the therapeutic potentials of this method in psychiatry. And in closing remarks, we evaluate the current technical limitations and suggest the future directions of this method in both the clinical and research aspects.

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