A Study on Taoist Cultivation MethodsBy Kim Siseup and Jeong Ryeom During Chosun Dynasty
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조선시대 도교는 내단 중심의 양생사상이 핵심을 이룬다. 이런 도교수련법은 19세기 이후 21세기 현재까지 한국의 신종교에도 그 영향력이 남아 있다. 최근 “단학 선원”이나 “천도 선법” 혹은 “증산도” 그리고 “원불교”에 이르기까지 도교의 영향은 지울 수 없다. 도교 사상은 조선시대에 들어서 특히 불노장생을 위해 정신적 자유의 획득만이 아니라 인간의 육체적 생명을 유지함이 최대 목표가 된다. 임진왜란을 전후로 단학파를 중심으로 수련도교(修練道敎)의 흐름이 강화되는데 이 때 중요한 두 인물이 등장한다. 그것은 바로 김시습(金時習)과 정렴이다. 이 글은 김시습과 정렴의 수련법을 그들의 저서의 원문을 바탕으로 살펴본다. 김시습은 養性(성을 기르고), 服氣(기를 마시며), 鍊龍虎(용호를 단련함)을 수련의 주요 방법으로 보았다. 정렴은 김시습에 비해 수련의 이론보다 구체적 수행 방법 서술에 치중했다. 정렴의 “용호비결”은 외단보다 내단 수련을 중심으로 서술한 특징이 있다. 김시습의 철학적 수련 방법은 정렴 시기에 와서 건강을 위한 예방의학적인 측면으로 변화되어 가는 과정을 겪었다.
Abstract
The essence of Taoism in Chosun dynasty centers around the thought of nourishing and prolonging life which greatly hinges on naedan (inner alchemy). In many new religions formed from the 19th century to the present time, the influence of Taoism has been conspicuously present and developed in new ways. Newly formed religions such as, "Danhak Seonwon", "Cheondo Seonbup", "Jeungsando", and "Won Buddhism" all together show the influence of Taoism. The thought of Taoism in Chosun dynasty put an emphasis not only on accomplishing spiritual freedom with a view of attaining longevity and immortality, but also on maintaining bodily vitality inside the body. Around the Japanese invasion of Chosun in 1592 (Imjin War), various schools of Taoism committed more to the practice of nurturing naedan as a primary method of Taoist practice. There were two important Taoist figures among many Taoist practitioners; Kim Siseup and Jeong Ryeom. This paper aims at reviewing the original texts of these two important Taoist figures in an attempt to understand their Taoist practices. Kim Siseup appears to give more weight to "nurturing of nature, absorbing gi, annealing yongho." In contrast, Jeong Ryeom put more emphasis on specific practices than on theoretical foundations for Taoist practices. Jeong Ryeom's book titled "Secret Formulas for Dragon and Tiger" describes more of Taoist practices based on nurturing of inner alchemy as opposed to external alchemy. The philosophical Taoist practices advocated and espoused by Kim Siseup appears to be transformed to become what may be termed "prophylactic medicine" by Jeong Ryeom.
참고문헌 (9)
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- Yi Jinsoo, "The secret of Dragon and Tiger", of the studies of Taoism and culture, (19), pp.97~142 (2003)