공감 개념의 확장적 이해: 심리사회적 관점에서부터 영적 관점까지
An Expanded Understanding of Empathy: From the Psychological Perspective to the Spiritual Perspective
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공감의 대한 기존연구를 종합해 보면 공감개념과 발달의 심리사회적 측면을 다루고 있다. 필자는공감을 단지 심리사회적으로만이 아니라 영적측면으로 확장해서 이해하려는 시도를 하였다. 공감의 특성들에 관한 연구는 공감이 돌봄, 사랑, 긍휼 그리고 이해의 개념과 연관됨을 나타낸다. 이러한 공감의 특성들은 기독교의 덕목과도 관계가 있음을 볼 수 있다. 공감의 개념과 발달에 관한기존의 연구들은 심리사회적 측면만을 다루고 있음을 볼 때 공감특성의 영적측면은 간과되고 있다. 공감 특성들을 개념적으로 보면 두 가지 차원으로 구분할 수 있다. 공감의 반응적 측면과 능력적 측면이다. 필자는 공감을 다른 사람에게 반응하는 능력으로 정의한다. 영성은 하나님과의 관계 속에서 정의된다. 하나님과 친밀한 관계를 맺으려는 노력은 곧 영성을 의미한다. 반응하는 능력으로서 공감의 대상을 인간에서 하나님으로 확장을 하면 공감은 하나님과 관련 속에서 정의될수 있다. 반응하는 능력으로서 공감은 하나님의 뜻을 이해하기 위한 영적 초월과 관련이 있다. 인간 안에 들어있는 초월적 능력으로 인해서 인간은 자기 초월을 하게 된다. 자기 초월은 발달 현상으로 이해할 수 있다. 인간은 초월을 통해서 하나님께 반응하는 능력을 발달시킨다. 초월을 통해서 인간은 자신이 이해할 수 있는 범위를 점차로 확장시켜간다. 즉 초월은 범주 확장의 현상으로 이해된다. 범주 확장은 공감의 특성을 잘 반영하고 있다. 범주가 확장되면 인간은 다른 사람들을 공감적으로 더 잘 반응할 수 있게 된다. 반응하는 능력으로서 공감은 초월의 범주확장이라는영적 현상을 반영하고 있다. 이런 의미에서 공감은 타인에게 반응하는 능력이지만 하나님과 친밀한 관계를 형성할 수 있는 초월적 현상으로 이해할 수 있다. 공감은 영적 초월의 한 현상으로 이해된다. 이런 의미에서 공감은 사회심리적 현상이면서 동시에 영적 현상이다.
Abstract
The current studies on empathy are focused on the psycho-social and developmental perspectives. The writer attempts to view the concept of empathy not only from the social and psychological perspectives but also the spiritual perspective. The investigation of the current studies on empathy indicate that the characteristics of empathy are related to the concepts of caring, love, compassion and understanding. Those concepts are also related to Christian virtues. The characteristics of empathy can be divided into two the aspects of response and ability. The writer defines empathy as one's responding ability to others. Spirituality is defined in the relationship with God. It refers to one's effort to make an intimate relationship with God. Based on the definition of empathy, the others can be substituted by God. In this way, empathy is related to spiritual activity. In order to understand God's will, one transcends oneself spiritually. Empathy, as responding ability, one responds to God through spiritual transcendence. Spiritual transcendence can be viewed as a developmental phenomenon. Humans develop the responding ability to God through spiritual transcendence. The activity of transcendence helps one to expand his/her scope of mind. Scope expansion indicates the characteristics of empathy. When one's scope is expanded, he/she can understand others better. Empathy, as the responding ability, reflects spiritual phenomenon which is related to scope expansion of transcendence. In this sense,empathy is one's responding ability to humans as well as the phenomenon of spiritual transcendence which leads to an intimate relationship with God. Empathy is the social and psychological phenomenon and at the same time the spiritual phenomenon.
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