해방공간 속 재일조선인의 제주4․3에 대한 인식 표상 -김석범의 대하소설 『화산도』를 중심으로-
Representation of Perception of Jeju 4․3 by Korean Residents in Japan in Emancipation Space -Focusing on Kim Seok-beom’s epic novel, Hwasando-
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이 연구는 지금까지 국내 4․3문학에서 주목하지 못한 해방공간 속 재일조선인의 제주4․3에 대한 인식을 고찰하기 위한 목적으로, 재일조선인 작가 김석범(金石範, 1925~ )의 제주4․3사건을 소재로 한 대하소설 『화산도(火山島)』를 살펴보았다. 『화산도』는 1948년 2월부터 1949년 6월까지 제주4․3사건의 발발을 전후로 한 해방공간을 밀도 있게 형상화한 작품으로, 제주를 비롯한 한반도 전역(서울, 목포, 부산, 여수 등)과 일본(오사카, 고베, 도쿄 등)으로까지 해방 전후의 확장된 시공간을 아우른다. 이에 『화산도』에는 한반도와 일본을 포함한 해방공간을 정주/이동하는 작중인물이 등장하며 특히 4․3무장봉기의 결행 직전 등장하는 재일조선인 인물군은 제주4․3에 대한 중층적 인식을 표상한다. 작중 재일조선인 인물들은 시모노세키-고베-오사카-도쿄 등지에 거주하는 제주 출신 동포들로, 고무․철강 산업 등에 종사하는 재일제주인 실업가, 재일본조선인연맹의 주요 간부와 단원, 일본공산당의 간부 당원 및 조직과 연관된 재일제주인이다. 재일조선인들은 해방 이후 혼란한 정세 속에서 반제국주의․반정부적 항쟁을 수행하려는 고향 제주의 무장혁명에 심정적․경제적 지원을 아끼지 않는 반면, ‘무장봉기’, ‘빨치산 투쟁’ 등 무력적 투쟁 방식에 대한 회의적 시선과 거부감을 보이기도 한다. 이는 재일조선인 인물을 통해 제주에서 촉발된 무력적 투쟁 방식의 당위성을 재고하도록 한 작가의 서사적 의도였다. 『화산도』의 해방공간 속 재일조선인들은 제주의 반외세적 자주 혁명을 지지하는 한편, 반평화적 무장혁명을 저지하는 이중적 양상을 보였다. 김석범의 『화산도』는 해방공간 속 재일조선인 인물의 형상화를 통해 탈경계인이자 재일(在日)의 시선으로 제주4․3을 성찰한다. 작가의 문학적 상상력으로 구축된 대하소설 『화산도』는 재일 4․3문학의 지평을 확장함은 물론 국민국가적 경계를 초월한 탈경계의 세계문학이다. 이의 속편 『바다 밑에서』에 나타난 재일조선인의 제주4․3에 대한 기억을 후속 연구 과제로 삼고자 한다.
Abstract
This study examines the perception of Jeju 4․3 by Korean residents in Japan(Zainichi) in the emancipation space, which has not been paid attention to in Korean 4․3 literature, by examining the Hwasando(The Volcanic Island) by the Kim Seok-beom(1925~ ), which is based on the Jeju 4․3 incident. The novel is a dense portrayal of the emancipation space before and after the outbreak of the Jeju 4․3 incident from February 1948 to June 1949, and encompasses an extended period of time and space before and after the liberation of Jeju, as well as the entire Korean Peninsula(Seoul, Mokpo, Busan, Yeosu, etc.) and Japan(Osaka, Kobe, Tokyo, etc.). In Hwasando, there are multi-layered and diversely configured Zainichi characters living in the emancipation space at the time, especially those who appear shortly before carrying out the 4․3 armed uprising, representing the multi-level perception of Jeju 4․3 by Zainichi. The Zainichi characters are Koreans from Jeju Island living in Shimonoseki, Kobe, Osaka, and Tokyo, and the like. These include Korean–Japanese businessmen in the rubber and steel industries, leading officials and members of the Federation of Korean residents in Japan, cadre party members, and related Jeju Japanese residents of the Communist Party of Japan. March 1948 is the main temporal setting for the Zainichi characters in the story. In Japan, under the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers(GHQ) system, leftist forces, including the Communist Party of Japan, were forced to take a “peaceful revolutionary line” due to U.S. surveillance and suppression. Therefore, the Federation of Korean Residents in Japan, a large-scale organization of the Japanese Korean community were unable to provide the official level of economic support necessary for the 4․3 Revolution on the part of Namrodang(Jeju Party). Thus, instead of official cooperation at the organizational(party) level, key cadres of the Korean–Japanese organization helped raise funds for the 4․3 armed uprising by intermediating Korean–Japanese businessmen. Kim narrates the reality of the Korean–Japanese people in the emancipation space under the Cold War system in the visibility of East Asia in a penetrating manner while revealing a critical awareness of the leadership of the politically and economically powerful organization in Korean Japanese society. In the chaotic post-liberation situation, Zainichi has provided abundant emotional and economic support to the armed revolution in their hometown of Jeju, which is trying to conduct anti-imperialist and anti-governmental protests, while also showing skepticism and rejection of armed struggle methods such as “armed uprising” and “struggle with North Korean partisans.” This was the author’s narrative intention to have the Zainichi characters reconsider the legitimacy of the armed struggle that was to be launched on Jeju. The Zainichi characters in Hwasando support and aid the revolution against Jeju and, at the same time, reconsider the methodological validity of the 4․3 Revolution from the perspective of an outsider in Japan. In the emancipation space, Japanese Koreans were dualistic in their support for Jeju’s anti-foreign autonomous revolution and in their opposition to the anti-peaceful revolutionary line. Kim’s Hwasando reflects on Jeju 4․3 from the perspective of an outsider through the portrayal of Zainichi figures in the emancipation space. Built as a fictionalized world and a literary response to the author’s lifelong struggle, Hwasando is a trans-boundary world literature that not only expands the horizons of 4․3 literature but also transcends national and international boundaries. A subsequent research project will focus on the memories of Jeju 4․3 by Korean residents in Japan represented in the sequel, Under the Sea.