Habitat Characteristics and Prediction of Potential Distribution according to Aculamprotula coreana (Martens, 1886) in the Republic of Korea
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Aculamprotula coreana is a freshwater bivalve species, endemic to the Korean Peninsula that plays a vital role in maintaining aquatic ecosystem health through filter feeding. Historically, it was widely used in the domestic pearl farming industry, but rapid industrialization, water pollution, and river development have led to habitat degradation and a significant population decline. Although currently designated as a Class I endangered species by the Korean Ministry of Environment, research and conservation efforts remain limited. This study analyzes the habitat characteristics of A. coreana using occurrence data from 21 sites recorded between 1975 and 2022 and predicts its potential distribution using the MaxEnt model. Stream order, topographical features, and water quality parameters were used to evaluate habitat conditions, while 19 bioclimatic variables were applied to improve distribution prediction accuracy. The results show that A. coreana inhabits stable water environments in the mid to lower reaches of streams (orders 6-8) at elevations between 102 and 271 meters. The species is highly sensitive to turbidity-related factors such as biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, and total nitrogen, indicating that clean, stable water quality is essential for its survival. Among the bioclimatic factors, average summer temperature (BIO08) was identified as the most influential variable in predicting current distribution, suggesting that climate-driven increases in water temperature may be expanding suitable habitats. This study offers scientifically grounded insights into the species’ ecological requirements and potential habitats, providing a valuable foundation for field-based validation, targeted habitat restoration, and the development of effective conservation strategies.
Abstract
Aculamprotula coreana is a freshwater bivalve species, endemic to the Korean Peninsula that plays a vital role in maintaining aquatic ecosystem health through filter feeding. Historically, it was widely used in the domestic pearl farming industry, but rapid industrialization, water pollution, and river development have led to habitat degradation and a significant population decline. Although currently designated as a Class I endangered species by the Korean Ministry of Environment, research and conservation efforts remain limited. This study analyzes the habitat characteristics of A. coreana using occurrence data from 21 sites recorded between 1975 and 2022 and predicts its potential distribution using the MaxEnt model. Stream order, topographical features, and water quality parameters were used to evaluate habitat conditions, while 19 bioclimatic variables were applied to improve distribution prediction accuracy. The results show that A. coreana inhabits stable water environments in the mid to lower reaches of streams (orders 6-8) at elevations between 102 and 271 meters. The species is highly sensitive to turbidity-related factors such as biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, and total nitrogen, indicating that clean, stable water quality is essential for its survival. Among the bioclimatic factors, average summer temperature (BIO08) was identified as the most influential variable in predicting current distribution, suggesting that climate-driven increases in water temperature may be expanding suitable habitats. This study offers scientifically grounded insights into the species’ ecological requirements and potential habitats, providing a valuable foundation for field-based validation, targeted habitat restoration, and the development of effective conservation strategies.