투자수준문제와 유동성위험 기업의 부채만기구조와 레버리지간의 상호관계
The Relation between Debt Maturity Structure and Leverage in the Context of Investment Level Problems and Liquidity Risk
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본 연구에서는 2001년 1월 1일부터 2011년 12월 31일까지 한국거래소의 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 기업을 대상으로 투자수준문제와 유동성위험 기업의 부채만기구조와 레버리지간의 상호관계를 실증분석 하였으며, 주요한 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 부채만기는 레버리지 비율에 양(+)의 영향을 미친다. 즉, 부채만기를 단축시켜 단기부채의 비중을 증가시키면, 유동성위험이 증가하여 파산비용이 증가하고 부채수용력이 약화되어 레버리지가 감소한다. 성장기회는 레버리지에 음(-)의 영향을 미치며, 성장기회와 부채만기간의 상호작용변수도 레버리지에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는데, 이는 부채만기 단축이 성장기회가 레버리지 비율에 미치는 음(-)의 영향, 즉 과소투자 문제를 완화시킴을 의미한다. 부채만기 단축이 레버리지에 미치는 두 가지 상반된 효과, 즉 과소투자 완화효과와 유동성위험 증가효과를 서로 상쇄시킨 순효과는 기업의 신용도에 따라 달라진다. 신용도가 낮은 기업은 과소투자 완화효과와 유동성위험 증가효과가 거의 동일하기 때문에 부채만기 단축이 레버리지에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 그러나 신용도가 높은 기업은과소투자 완화효과가 유동성위험 증가효과보다 더 크기 때문에 부채만기 단축이 레버리지를 증가시킨다. 따라서 신용도가 높은 기업은 유동성위험 증가를 이유로 레버리지를 축소시키지 않고도 부채만기 단축을 통해 과소투자 문제를 완화시킬 수 있다. 레버리지 비율은 부채만기에 양(+)의 영향을 미친다. 즉, 레버리지를 축소시키면 부채만기가 단축되고, 레버리지를 확대시키면 부채만기가 연장된다. 이러한 결과는 부채만기 단축(연장)과 레버리지 축소(확대)는 유동성위험에 대한 대체수단으로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다. 성장기회는 부채만기에 음(-)의 영향을 미치고, 성장기회와 레버리지 비율간의 상호작용변수는 부채 만기에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는데, 이는 레버리지가 성장기회가 부채만기에 미치는 음(-)의 영향, 즉, 과소투자 문제를 완화시킴을 의미한다. 즉, 성장기회 그 자체는 부채만기를 직접적으로 단축시키지만, 성장기회와 레버리지 비율간의 상호작용변수는 과소투자 문제를 완화시키는 작용을 한다. 따라서 레버리지 단축을 통하여 과소투자 문제를 충분히 통제할 수 있는 기업은 성장기회가 부채만기에미치는 음(-)의 영향을 대부분 제거시킬 수 있다. 결론적으로, 투자수준문제와 유동성위험 기업의 부채만기구조와 레버리지간의 상호관계를 체계적으로 분석할 필요가 있다. 부채만기는 그 자체뿐만 아니라, 성장기회와의 상호작용변수가 과소투자 문제와 유동성위험에 미치는 상반된 효과를 통하여 레버리지에 영향을 미친다. 또한, 부채만기가 레버리지에 미치는 영향은 기업의 신용도에 따라 달라진다. 이러한 연구결과는 부채만기와레버리지 정책에 대한 중요한 시사점을 제시한다.
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze empirically the relation between debt maturity structure and leverage in the context of investment level problems and liquidity risk of firms listed on Korea Exchange. In terms of methodology, we develop the simultaneous equations model that integrates leverage and debt maturity model. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. The liquidity risk effects of debt maturity on leverage should be more important for lower credit quality firms and firms that cannot easily lengthen their debt maturity. Low credit quality firms that face greater liquidity risk may demand longer term debt to reduce this risk, but find no lenders willing to supply it at reasonable cost. In contrast, higher credit quality firms likely face lower liquidity risk, and can also borrow longer term debt if liquidity risk concerns do arise. However, this study demonstrate that for lower credit quality firms, the liquidity risk effect offsets the attenuation effect of underinvestment problems so that the net effect of shortening debt maturity on leverage is neutral. And Leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity, which is consistent with the result in the leverage model. It provides further evidence that high liquidity risk caused by high leverage policy can be moderated by longer term debt maturity and that longer term(shorter term) debt maturity and high(low) leverage can be used as supplementary strategies to avoid the threat of suboptimal liquidation. Growth opportunities have a significant and negative effect on debt maturity. This suggests that there is economic relation between growth opportunities and debt maturity. Interaction variable between leverage and growth opportunities has a significant and positive effect on leverage, implying that for high growth firms, the overall positive relation between leverage and debt maturity may become stronger. With respect to the overall effect of leverage itself and the interaction between leverage and growth opportunities on debt maturity, leverage has a significant and positive effect on debt maturity. In conclusion, it is necessary to examine the relation between debt maturity structure and leverage in the context of investment level problems and liquidity risk. Our results provide a number of fresh insights into the overall effects of debt maturity on leverage and the interactions between debt maturity and growth opportunities on leverage.
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