중국불교의 참법(懺法)에 대한 소고(小考)

Abstract

Since Buddhism introduction to China, the ritual of penitence(懺法) by reading the su-tra has developed. This writing considers how it was accepted and has developed in Chinese Buddhism. The background from which it developed in Chinese Buddhism can be said that Buddhism accepted Chinese ideas such as emphasis on ‘courtesy’, ghost, filial duty and nation through cultural cross-fertilization with Confucianism and Taoism. Letter of penitence (懺文) was central to the early stage of formation of the ritual of penitence but it appeared gradually the way of worshiping Buddha's name, which has the purpose of overcoming hardship, misfortune and disease and of gaining virtue by reciting Buddha's name. Starting with Cibeidaochang chanfa 『( 慈悲道場懺法』), Seven stages for worship and repentance (七階禮懺) by Xinxing and Fahua sanmei chan yi 『( 法華三昧懺儀』)·the Ritual of penitence with Avalokitesvara· the Ritual of penitence with vipulya (方等懺法)·the Ritual of penitence with Maha-vairocana (金光明懺法) by Tiantai Zhi-yi (天台智) allowed golden age of the ritual of penitence to begin.Afterwards, Zong mi (宗密) created Yuan jue jing daochang xiu ziu zheng yi 『( 圓覺經道場修證儀』), Hua yanpuian xing yuan xiu zheng yi 『( 華嚴普賢行願修證儀』), Cibei sanmei shui chan 『( 慈悲三昧水懺』), Quan shouyan dabei xin zhou xingfa 『( 千手眼大悲心呪行法』) and Li nian mituo daochang changfa 『( 禮念彌陀道場懺法』). Like this, each Buddhist sect created its own manual for the ritual of penitence and practiced it. About when Zhi-yi wrote Mohe zhi gu an 『( 摩訶止觀』) and Fahua sanmei chanyi, five repentance (五悔) was established such as penitence· invitation·joyful acceptance for other's luck·retuning one's merit to others·vow which are the terms of the main ritual of penitence. Method of practicing are made up of ten stages from firstly cleaning practice hall to tenthly observing the reality rightly in seating meditation.