周敦頤 철학의 天人合德 해석과 時中사상

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to Analysis of the Moral Harmony of Heaven-Human Unity and the Moderation of Time-Space on Zhou Duny(周敦頤)i’s Philosophy in 『Tongshu(通書)』. After analysis of the three perspectives(天觀⋅人觀⋅時中觀) mentioned in 『Tongshu』, Firstly, the centre of Zhou Dunyi’s perspective on heaven and its laws is sincerity(誠). According to Zhou Dunyi, sincerity is the principle mechanism of sky and its moral laws. This sincerity is defined by the existence of qualities such as principle of the Great Spirit administered by great saint, sanctity, benevolence and wisdom, restrain to self and return to the rites, non-action and peace with no motion. At one hand, Zhou Dunyi includes the ideas of Lao-tzu while defining sincerity through non-action and no motion. This sincerity became the morals of heaven to be followed by the great saint. Zhou Dunyi included ‘ji’, ‘jing’ and ‘Wu’ in self-discipline methodology. Secondly, Zhou Dunyi’s perspectives on human consists confucian views on human such as great saint, virtuous person, great man, amoral man etc. The most respected personality named as great saint is at the center according to Zhou Dunyi’s view on human. Zhou Dunyi considered renyizhongzheng and self-discipline regulated through Renji as the center of human morality. Zhou Dunyi proclaimed diverse qualities to be practiced by the great saint such as moral values, neutralization in accordance with moral standard, careful act, correct moderation, no desire and altruism. Thirdly, In Zhou Dunyi’s moral values for time and space, balance of change(動的平衡) was dealt as basis. Zhou Dunyi emphasized on self-discipline based on the principles of yin and yang, rigidity and softness, serenity and yin. Therefore, while emphasizing on change or the fundamentals of 『Zhouyì』 followed by dynamics of change in time and space, elastic balance of time and space and balance of change were not central concept by Zhou Dunyi. It can be concluded that Zhou Dunyi’s analysis of heaven-human unity infused heaven and its laws recorded in the moral and ethical philosophy of Taoism and Confucianism. Zhou Dunyi focused on confucian human values and perspectives on human. Furthermore, Zhou Dunyi proclaimed to practice mechanism of heaven with its moral laws through moral interpretation for virtue of the heaven’s sanctity. In terms of academic significance, it can be said that the philosophy of Zhou Dunyi changed the philosophical discourse from Daoism to Neo-Confucianism.