고대 유대전통의 성서해석과 오늘날 신약성서 해석의 과제 1: 미드라시의 오해와 복음서와 관련된 남용 문제 비판
Interpretation of the Scripture in the ancient Jewish tradition and the task of interpreting the New Testament today 1: A Misunderstanding of Midrash and Abuses of it related to the Gospel
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미드라시는 성서학에서 자주 오해되어, 복음서 연구 및 해석에도 무분별하게 사용하고 있다. 이 논문은 ‘미드라시란 무엇인가’와 학자들의 ‘오남용 사례’를 다루고, 미드라시를 바르게 대응하기 위해 기존 비교군의 오류를 파악한다. 미드라시를 학문 용어로 사용할 때는 랍비문헌의 사용례와 이해를 우선해야 한다. 기독교 신학 용어로 미드라시는 랍비들에게서 나온 개념이기 때문이다. 상당수가 범하는 오류는, 미드라시가 히브리 성서의 거룩한 주해 방식이자 동시에 거룩한 결과물이라는 통합적 성격을 간과하기 때문에 나타난다. 또한, 신약 문헌의 해석방식이 미드라시의 접근방식과 ‘유사성’이 있다는 것만으로 충분한 관찰과 분석 없이 성급하게 신약이 ‘미드라시’ 혹은 ‘미드라시적’이라고 판단하기 때문이다. ‘미드라시의 동기가 사용’된 것과 ‘미드라시’라는 것은 전혀 다른 말이다. 그래서 미드라시의 올바른 비교군은 신약이 아니다. 복음서는 미드라시처럼 구약에 종속적인 주석서라기보다는 주 예수 그리스도 중심으로 구약을 사용하는 새로운 문헌에 가깝기 때문이다. 미드라시를 위한 비교군이라면 오히려 정경화된 구약을 주해/설교하는 미드라시와 정경화된 신약을 주해/설교하는 주석들이 되어야 할 것이다.
Abstract
Midrash is often misunderstood in biblical studies, and is indiscriminately used in the research on the Gospels. This thesis shed light on what is midrash, misusing cases in the NT scholarship, and identifies the errors of the comparison group for midrash. When using midrash as an academic term, priority should be given to the rabbinic literature, this is because it is a concept from the Rabbis. Many NT scholars overlook the integrative nature of midrash. It should include both the rabbinic expositions on the Hebrew Bible and the result of them, which are individual or whole commentaries. Without sufficient observation and analysis, NT scholars often conclude hastily that the Gospel of Matthew, and the prologue of John’s Gospel are midrash due to the similarities in interpreting method, or using similar motif and motivation between them. But being similar does not mean that they are the same. The correct comparison group of midrash is not the Gospels, but should be the commentaries or sermons on the NT. Gospels use the Old Testament texts, but they are not the Old Testament commentaries like midrash.
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