전투원의 도덕적 손상(moral injury)과 한국군의 과제
Moral Injury in Combatants and its Challenge to the Korea Military
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초록
베트남전쟁으로부터 아프가니스탄전쟁에 이르기까지, 정신건강을 비롯한 여러 관련 분야들이 참전 용사들의 삶에 오랫동안 영향을 끼치는 도덕적 죄책감 기반의 고충을 관찰해 왔다. 이러한 심리적이고 영적인 괴로움이 외상후 스트레스장애(PTSD)와는 구별되는 측면들을 지닌다는 것이 밝혀져 도덕적 손상이라는 용어로 개념화되었다. 도덕적 손상은 개인의 도덕적 가치와 기대를 어기거나 타협하는(직접 행동하거나, 허용 또는 방지 실패와 같은 무(無)행동의 형태) 위배 행위에 의한 내적 부상으로 특징지을 수 있다. 전투 관련 외상성 손상에 대한 이 대안적 개념은 정신건강뿐 아니라 심리학, 윤리, 종교·영성 분야의 전문가들 사이에서 전투원과 참전용사에 대한 심층적 이해를 제공하는 것으로 공감을 얻고 있다. 하지만 도덕적 손상은 한국군과 임상 현장 및 연구자들에게 거의 소개되지 못하였다. 부분적 이유로는 도덕적 손상이 상대적으로 최근에 등장한 분야라는 점과 한국군이 전투 스트레스 및 전쟁 트라우마를 다루는 데 있어서 PTSD가 여전히 지배적이라는 측면이 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 도덕적 손상의 개념 및 특성을 소개하고 미군과 한국군의 실제 사례를 제시하며 이로부터의 도덕적 함의를 우리 군의 과제로써 논의하였다. 이로써 전투경험을 보다 더 잘 이해하고 장병들을 도울 수 있도록 조명하고자 하였다. 문헌고찰에 해당하는 본 연구는 국내 선행연구가 드문 관계로 해외 학술데이터 베이스를 활용하여 영어권 학술지 논문들을 선정하였으며 주제와 관련된 단행본들도 포함하였다.
Abstract
From Vietnam War through War in Afghanistan, mental health and other related disciplines have witnessed guilt-based struggles among returning soldiers with its lasting impact on their civilian lives. This psychological and spiritual anguish has been revealed to have distinct aspects from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) and is conceptualized as moral injury. Moral injury can be characterized as the inner wounds caused by transgressive acts that violate or compromise one's moral values and expectations either in the form of action or inaction(consent or failing to prevent). This alternative concept of combat related traumatic injury is increasingly recognized by the military and many professionals from mental health, psychology, ethics and spirituality to provide deeper understanding of combatants and veterans. However, moral injury has been rarely introduced to the Korea military and in fact to clinical settings and researchers. It is partly because moral injury is relatively an emerging field and PTSD remains as the dominant path for the Korea military to take in terms of handling combat stress and war trauma. Thus this study aims to introduce the concept and features of moral injury followed by several cases from war experiences, and to discuss moral implications to the military. In doing so current study shed lights on better ways to understand combat experience and to help our soldiers. As a literature review, the author searched and collected journal articles via academic databases with a few books and book chapters included.
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