역사상 춘천의 군사적 거점과 가치

Abstract

When groups generate power and conflict results between groups, the strength of a group is always determined by their military techniques and capabilities. Historically, military aspects have been significant to the survival of a group and are currently significant in understanding the transformations of cities. In studying cities such as that of Chuncheon for example, vital information can be gained from its mountain fortress. One can tell of the military techniques used and their strong points and gain insight into the major historic changes that have occurred in chuncheon city. Including Woodu(牛頭) mountain fortress, Bongui(鳳儀) mountain fortress,Samak(三岳) mountain fortress and Yonghwa(龍華) mountain fortress are known as main military ruins in Chuncheon area. Above mountain fortresses were not operated in the same age. Because different conditions of a location were needed according to the changes of the time, primary mountain fortress was moving throughout the history. The ruins related to Macguk(貊國), a country settled at Chuncheon in ancient times, are ambiguous when considering the nature of the site of trail. And Woodu mountain fortress is regarded as a valuable remain for the investigation of ancient history. It is expected that Woodu mountain fortress was used by the first group settled in Chuncheon. After Silla(新羅) entered into Chuncheon, a considerable change was generated in late 7th century. Silla built Juyang(走壤) mountain fortress(expected to be current Bongui mountain fortress) in Chuncheon because of the vast battle between Silla and Dang(唐). Silla had the capital in South area at that time, but needed more rugged and robust fortress because Silla continued to face crisis due to the fierce battle. Moreover, due to Mt. Woodu, Silla had limited flexibility in their fighting techniques because of a river on their backside. It was later decided that the purlieu of Mt. Bongui was a much better place than Mt. Woodu for the war. In this location, Silla could fight and always have the river ahead. In the Corea(高麗) Ages, Bongui mountain fortress was no longer utilized as the major fortress of Chuncheon following its capture by the Mongolian army. After that time, the function of fortress was focused on providing a hiding place as opposed to strategic advantage for the military. Eventually,other fortresses were built in rugged and secluded locations. Samak mountain fortress and Yonghwa mountain fortress became the base of Chuncheon after Bongui castle’s fall. In the latter part of the Joseon dynasty, Chuncheon was noticed for its new military strong-point. Especially, after Joseon’s defeat in Byeongja-Holan(the war between Joseon and Chung(凊) dynasty in 1636),Chuncheon was highlighted as a refuge for the King of Joseon in a national emergency. Chuncheon’s recognition as a military strong-point was due to its topographical condition. Chuncheon, as a basin, is surrounded by high mountains and placed where the two rivers join in, making it hard to be taken by the enemy. These characteristics of Chuncheon were recognized again when military tensions were raised with the force of the West and Japan. Setting governmental institution in Chuncheon was entrusted with an important mission. The pattern of modern wars cannot be identified with or compared to pre-modern wars’. The military strategy between the wars of the modern and pre-modern eras is different. However, they are similar in the sense that the geographical advantages of each can undoubtedly be utilized in every war. In the 6.25 War, the successful defense in Chuncheon battle was due to the outstanding leadership abilities and combat power of the Armed Forces. Moreover, the geographical advantages were also an important condition for the victory. The fact that the mountain fortresses for military strong-points were built at Mt. Woodu and Mt. Bongui in Chuncheon shows the value of Chuncheon for the military hub beyond age.