ICTY 판례에 의해 확립된 JCE이론의 법적 성격
Legal nature of the JCE theory in the ICTY-jurisprudence
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초록
현재 ICC 로마규정과 관련하여 진행되고 있는 정범/공범 구별기준에 관한 다툼을 이해하기 위해서는 ICTY에 의해 확립되어 유엔 임시 국제재판소와 혼합재판소에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 Joint Criminal Enterprise 이론을 먼저 이해하여야 한다. 그리고 JCE 이론의 법적 성격을 제대로 이해하기 위해서는 Tadić 사건의 사실관계 및 Tadić 상소심 판결을 주의 깊게 분석하여야 한다. Tadić 사건에서 상소심 재판부는 집단범죄인 국제범죄의 특성을 고려하여 ‘범죄를 직접 실행하지는 않았지만 국제범죄 범행에서 주요한 역할을 한 자를 중하게 처벌하여야 한다’는 것을 범죄참가형태에서 명시적으로 표현하기 위해서 JCE라는 독립된 형태의 공범책임을 수용하였다. 다른 한편으로 제3유형 JCE는 국제범죄에서 전형적인 입증상의 어려움을 극복하는 수단으로 이용되고 있다. JCE이론에 의하면 범죄적 계획, 목적 또는 설계에 의도적으로 참여한 자는 그 범죄 또는 초과범죄에 대해 책임을 져야 한다. Tadić 상소심 재판부는 JCE를 일종의 accomplice liability라고 함으로써 영미법상의 형식적 객관설에서 완전히 벗어나고자 하지는 않았고, 다만 의도적 고의라는 주관적 요소를 통해 규범적 평가의 관점을 가미하고자 하였다.
Abstract
In Tadić case, the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY ruled that JCE as a form of participation is implicitly included in the term of “committed” in Art. 7(1) ICTY Statute. Since a decision after this judgment designated participating in a JCE as co-perpetration, it is established in the ICTY jurisprudence that participating in a JCE constitutes co-perpetration. However, the Appeals Chamber in the Tadić case characterized participating in a JCE as a form of accomplice liability. This reveals that JCE liability is based on the formal-objective theory of distinguishing between principal and accessory, which is firm in Anglo-American law. According to the JCE theory a person who participated in a criminal purpose, plan or design with shared intent to commit a crime or with intent to further the criminal purpose of that enterprise must be deemed as co-perpetrator, even though he or she did not carry out actus reus of the crime. Therefore, a key point of the JCE theory is intent, i.e. a subjective factor. In this regard the JCE theory should be conceived as a sui generis normative theory of attribution which gives weight to the intent element whilst based on the formal-objective approach to distinguish between principal and accessory.
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