고려시대 유적 출토 송대 청백자의 현황과 특징

Abstract

The Chinese wares that have been unearthed from archaeological contexts dating to the Goryeo Dynasty were produced at many sites, including the Yuezhou Kiln (越州窯), Changsha Kiln (長沙窯), Yaozhou Kiln (耀州窯), Ding Kiln (定窯), Xing Kiln (邢窯)and Jingdezhen Kiln (景德鎭窯). Although there are no reports of Chinese celadons found in archaeological contexts after the 12th century, which is when the production of Goryeo celadons began, many Chinese white wares produced in the Xing Kiln, Ding Kiln and Jingdezhen Kiln have been found at sites throughout the whole period of the Goryeo Dynasty. The Chinese white wares unearthed from the Goryeo Dynasty sites are mostly qingbai wares. As the types of wares introduced into Goryeo and their distribution range changed over the years, their combination with Goryeo celadons also changed. First, the types of Goryeo sites from which qingbai wares from the Song Dynasty have been unearthed can be classified into tombs, the remains of government offices, and Buddhist temples. The qingbai wares from the northern Song Dynasty were found in the tombs located in the Gaeseong area and the ones from the southern Song Dynasty were found at government office and Buddhist temple sites throughout the Korean peninsula. Of the northern Song Dynasty qingbai wares, flower-shaped plates were unearthed from some Buddhist temple sites, but it is assumed that the distribution of Song Dynasty wares throughout the Korean peninsula began around the 13th century, when the qingbai wares from the southern Song Dynasty were introduced. Second, the production place and period of the qingbai wares found in the sites of the Goryeo Dynasty was identified by comparing them with those wares found at the porcelain factories of the Jingdezhen Kiln, and those stored in the cellars or buried in the tombs of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Most of the qingbai wares found in Korea were produced at the Jingdezhen Kiln. It is assumed that the qingbai wares from the northern Song Dynasty were produced from the late 10th century to the early 12th century, and the ones from the southern Song Dynasty produced in the 13th century. Therefore, the period of the inflow of qingbai porcelain wares can be divided into the northern and southern Song periods. There is also a clear difference in the variety of qingbai wares: the wares from northern Song include a wide range of products such as bowls, cups, plates, kettles, bottles,cup saucers, pillows, incense burners and tureens whereas the wares from the southern Song are limited to feet, plates, and small bowls. Third, the qingbai wares from the northern Song Dynasty found in the tombs of the Gaeseong area consist of various types and are high-quality products. Therefore, it is assumed that they were used by high-ranking officials and nobles such as Moon Gong Yu (文公裕), who lived in Gaeseong. Based on this assumption,there is a possibility that the wares were purchased or received as gifts while visiting China as an envoy. However, for the qingbai wares from southern Song,which are found throughout the country, it is assumed that they were objects of trade which were brought in large amounts. Fourth, the combination of Song Dynasty wares and Goryeo celadons also demonstrates periodic differences. From the 11th century to the early 12th century,qingbai bottles and kettles were used alongside bowls and plates made by Goryeo potters. On the other hand, only feet and plates have been observed in the case of qingbai wares from the southern Song Dynasty and it is assumed that they were used along with Goryeo celadons and metal wares.