멜라니 클라인의 시기심과 감사에 대한 목회상담학적 고찰

Abstract

Melanie Klein's theory about envy and gratitude makes us contemplate how changes occur during the following human processes: development, psychoanalysis, overcoming loss and mourning, also religious conversion. Also, internal objects and reparation drive may be applied for the factors that accelerate these changes. Both envy and gratitude became core concepts in Klein's theory of psychoanalysis. These two concepts, envy and gratitude are the beginning and end meaning for the process of change that is the main subject for this thesis paper. Klein considered that envy was the manifestation of the death instinct. Envy becomes the drive that causes societal problems and also the root of problems for psychogenic patients. Envy can also be the drive for an individual's development and maturation. Gratitude is the manifestation of the life instinct and helps overcome envy and draws out love and concern. The death instinct and the life instinct hold meanings that are conflicting. However for Klein, the death instinct eventually heads towards the life instinct. Klein created the concept of depressive position that is placed between the process of moving from envy to gratitude. The emotions felt during the depressive position are guilt, pain, anxiety. And these emotions must be overcome for maturation and gratitude with assisting factors, reparation drive and internal objects. Klein's psychoanalytical technique involves interpreting aggression and envy. Klein argued that when repressed destructive instincts surface and are accepted, a patient's nervousness and anxiety will be alleviated. Therefore, she believed that instead of concealing the envy through comfort and reassurance, the process of feeling enough pain and enduring was more important. Applying Klein's theory for pastoral counseling, the counselor must endure this process with the patient and then instill the faith that the Lord is present and also enduring the process with the patient.