‘다중 자기(multiple selves)’의 목회상담적 함의와 적용
Theological Implications of ‘Multiple Selves’ and the Application to Pastoral Counseling
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초록
자기의 다중적 모습에 대한 인식은 현대 심리학 역사의 초기부터 존재해왔으나, 하나의 고정불변의 실체로서의 자기, 혹은 하나의 본질적 자기를 찾고자 하는 근대의 패러다임에서 벗어나 자기의 다중성과 유동성을 진지하게 인식하고 강조한 것은 포스트모던적 사조의 영향이 크다. 현대 심리학은 자기의 다중적 모습을 인정하고, 그 다중성과 함께 통일성과 연속성의 상보적 균형을 강조한다. 이러한 이해는 신학자들에게 새로운 인간이해를 향한 중요한 질문을 던진다. 본 연구는 이런 맥락에서 현대 심리학과 신학의 비평적 대화방법을 통해 다중 자기에 대한 실천신학적 이해와 목회상담을 위한 실천적 함의를 고찰 한다. 본 연구는 자기 개념의 일인칭 재귀적(reflexive) 경험으로서의 성격을 중심으로 자기의 다중성을 설명하고, 사회심리학, 대상관계이론, 성경적/신학적 인간이해에 나타난 여러 다중적 자기의 모습을 비평적으로 살펴본다. 이 과정을 통해서 본 논문은 다음과 같은 사실을 논증한다. 다중 자기는 보편적인 현상이며, 그 다중성에는 긍정적, 부정적(병리적) 모습이 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 자기는 다중성과 함께 통일성을 가지며, 두 가지 역설적으로 보이는 모습들이 균형과 조화를 이루는 것이 심리적, 영적 건강과 성숙을 위해 중요하다. 특별히 자기의 다양성을 가지면서 연속성과 통일성을 유지할 수 있는 능력은 타인과의 관계 속에서 관용적이며 성숙한 태도를 취하는 데 영향을 줄 뿐 아니라, 신앙적 삶에서도 하나님의 풍성한 모습을 경험하는 것과 관련이 있다. 또한 한 개인의 하나님 경험이 다양성 속에 통일성과 항상성을 유지할 수 있는 것은 그 사람으로 하여금 고난과 위기 속에서 파편화되거나 분열되지 않고 건강한 자기 통일성과 연속성을 유지하는데 중요한 심리적-영적 토대가 된다. 이러한 결론을 토대로 몇 가지 목회상담을 위한 실천적 방안을 제시한다.
Abstract
The concept of ‘multiple selves’ has been recognized since the very beginning of modern psychology. However, only in the recent postmodern times have psychologists genuinely begun to understand the multiplicity and the fluidity of the human self. Now, many contemporary psychologists recognize multiple selves and their important reciprocal relationship with the unity and the continuity of the self. This new kind of psychological understanding invites theologians to revise their thinking about human beings. In this vein, this study investigates the theological implications of multiple selves by using a critical conversational method of practical theology. This study explains that the multiplicity of the self is an inevitable result of a concept of the self that is constructed with the first-person, reflexive experience about one’s own self. It critically examines multiple selves in the context of social psychology, object relations theory, and biblical/theological beliefs. This study argues the following points: Multiple selves are universal phenomena, with both positive and negative (pathological) aspects in the multiplicity. The self does exist both as multiplicity and as one in unity. Although this may sound paradoxical, it is important to maintain a balance and harmony between the self as multiplicity and the self as unity for psychological and spiritual well-being and maturity. In particular, the ability to keep the balance of the self is connected not only with one’s attitude of openness, empathy, and tolerance in the interpersonal relationship, but also with a rich experience of God. The understanding of God as both one and many also becomes a psychological and spiritual foundation that allows a believer to maintain the unity and continuity of the self without being split or fragmented even in the midst of crises and sufferings. Based on this finding, some practical suggestions are presented for pastoral counseling.
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