국제사법재판소와 선례
International Court of Justice and its Precedent
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국제사법재판소(International Court of Justice)는 그 전신이라고 할 수 있는 상설국제사법재판소(Permanent Court of International Justice) 시절부터 자신이 형성한 선례를 토대로 후속 사건을 판단하는 경향을 보여 왔다. 선행 선례에 대한 의존 현상은 영미법계 뿐만 아니라 대륙법계 국가에도 나타나는 현상이다. 그러나 대륙법계 국가에 비해서도 국제재판소는 선례에 대해서 상당히 높은 의존성을보이고 있다. ICJ는 사법결정의 예측가능성과 일관성을 확보하기 위하여 선례를 활용하고 있지만, 이는 국제법의 실질적 법원이 상당히 빈약하다는 점에서도 기인하고 있다. 그렇다고 ICJ가 선례구속 원칙을 인정하고 있는 것도 아니다. PCIJ와 ICJ의 초기 사건 중 이를 옹호하는 입장으로 볼 수 있는 별개의견이 일부 보이기는 하였지만 ICJ규정(Statute of the International Court of Justice) 제38조 제1 항(d) 그리고 제59조가 판례를 법칙결정의 보조수단으로 보고 있으며, 해당 사건에 대해서만 법적 구속력이 있다고 규정하고 있는 이상 선례구속 원칙은 인정되기 어려우며, ICJ도 이러한 입장을 견지하고 있다. 동시에 예외적인 경우이기는 하지만 ICJ가 실체법과 절차법에 있어서 법규범을 창출하는 모습을 보이는데 이러한 현상이 ICJ가 선례에 의존하는 것처럼 비춰지기도 한다. 하지만 이는 후속 재판의 재판부가 이전의 판례를 고수하려는 의지가 강하기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 보는 것이 합리적이다.
Abstract
International Court of Justice has, from the time of its predecessor Permanent Court of International Justice, followed its own jurisprudence and precedent. It could be the same phenomenon appeared in the civil law state and common law state that courts follow their precedent. But on the forum of international law it is shown for international courts and tribunals much to adhere to more strongly its precedents and jurisprudence than on municipal courts. It is not only to obtain the predictability and constituency of judicial decisions for its credibility, but also to find more materials on the sources of international law even in the scarcity of it. But certainly the ICJ has not support the stare decisis of common-law system even with some exceptional jurisprudence of opposite opinions among its early times of ICJ and PCIJ. But majority opinions of the ICJ clearly recognized that it is clearly impossible to hurdle over the terms of the ICJ Statute Article 38 (1)(d) and Article 59 that judicial decision could be applied as a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law and has legal binding force only between parties. In its rarity, the ICJ conducted law-making activities in judicial decision, which has been regarded as showing its adherence to precedents. But it should be regarded as efforts to keep former judicial decision of the succeeding Court.
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